Map of Indonesia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 1,904,569 km²
Land: 1,811,569 km²
Water: 93,000 km²
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 2,958 km
Border countries: (3) Malaysia 1881 km; , Papua New Guinea 824 km; , Timor-Leste 253 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 367 m

Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use
Agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 13% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 51.7% (2018 est.)
Other: 17.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 67,220 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km


Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires

Geography


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Population
Distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated: 275,122,131 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 0.81% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 9.4% (2019 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian(s)
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Demographic profile: Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest population.  It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world.  The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2,045  A government-supported family planning program.  The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s.  The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations.

Age structure
0-14 years: 23.87% (male 32,473,246/female 31,264,034)
15-24 years: 16.76% (male 22,786,920/female 21,960,130)
25-54 years: 42.56% (male 58,249,570/female 55,409,579)
55-64 years: 8.99% (male 11,033,838/female 12,968,005)
65 years and over: 7.82% (male 9,099,773/female 11,781,271) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 47.5
Youth dependency ratio: 38.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.2
Potential support ratio: 10.8 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 31.1 years
Male: 30.5 years
Female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.81% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 15.59 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 6.74 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.72 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 57.3% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 10.915 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.510 million Bekasi, 2.972 million Surabaya, 2.607 million Bandung, 2.397 million Tangerang, 2.368 million Medan (2021)

Environment
Current issues: large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 15.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 563.32 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 244.5 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 22.4 years (2017 est.)
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 177 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 20.16 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 22.59 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 17.6 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.82 years
Male: 70.62 years
Female: 75.12 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 55.5% (2018)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 96.6% of population
Improved rural: 83.7% of population
Improved total: 90.8% of population
Unimproved urban: 3.4% of population
Unimproved rural: 16.3% of population
Unimproved total: 9.2% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 2.9% (2018)

Physicians density: 0.43 physicians/1000 population (2018)

Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 92.5% of population
Improved rural: 76.8% of population
Improved total: 85.4% of population
Unimproved urban: 7.5% of population
Unimproved rural: 23.2% of population
Unimproved total: 14.6% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2020 est.)
People living with hivaids: 540,000 (2020 est.)
Deaths: 24,000 (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Indonesia

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 6.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 17.7% (2018)

Education expenditures: 2.8% of GDP (2019)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 96%
Male: 97.4%
Female: 94.6% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 14 years (2018)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 14.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 15.1%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 14.3% (2020 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
Etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, 'Indos' (India) and 'nesoi' (islands), meaning 'Indian islands'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Jakarta
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Timezone note: Indonesia has three time zones
Etymology: 'Jakarta' derives from the Sanscrit 'Jayakarta' meaning 'victorious city' and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named 'Sunda Kelapa'

Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**
Note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Dependent areas

Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution
History: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959
Amendments: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002

Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014, reelected 17 April 2019, inauguration 19 October 2019); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government Legislative branch
Description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of:
Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authority
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (575 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms) (2019)
Elections: Regional Representative Council - last held 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024)
House of Representatives - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) (2019)
Election results: Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; compostion - NA
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.3%, Gerindra 12.6%, Golkar 12.3%,  PKB 9.7%, Nasdem 9.1%, PKS 8.2%, PD 7.8%, PAN 6.8%, PPP 4.5%, other 9.6%; seats by party - PDI-P 128, Golkar 85, Gerindra 78, Nasdem 59, PKB 58, PD 54, PKS 50, PAN 44, PPP 19; composition - men 475, women 100, percent of women 17.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percent of women NA (2019)

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party or PD [Agus Harimurti YUDHOYONO]
Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO]
Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]
National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]
National Democratic Party or NasDem [Surya PALOH]
National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN]
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Ahmad SYAIKHU]
United Development Party or PPP [Suharso MONOARFA] (2021)

International organization participation: ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Iwan Freddy Hari SUSANTO, Minister (since 1 April 2021)
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 775-5,365
In the us email address and website: [link]
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Sung Y. KIM (since 21 October 2020)

Flag description

: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
Note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

National symbols: garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: 'Indonesia Raya' (Great Indonesia)
Lyrics and music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
Note: adopted 1945

National heritage

Indonesia - Economy 2021

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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:

$3,130,470,000,000 - note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)
3,196,620,000,000 - note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)
3,043,880,000,000 - note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 5.03% (2019 est.)

5.17% (2018 est.)

5.07% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:

$11,400 - note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)
$11,800 - note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)
$11,400 - note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 9.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 32.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 20.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -19.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 13.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 41% (2017 est.)
Services: 45.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: oil palm fruit, rice, maize, sugar cane, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, poultry, rubber

Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 129.366 million (2019 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 32%
By occupation industry: 21%
By occupation services: 47% (2016 est.)

Labor force

Unemployment rate: 5.31% (2018 est.)

5.4% (2017 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 14.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 15.1%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 14.3% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 9.4% (2019 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 37.8 (2018 est.)

39.4 (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.4%
Highest 10: 28.2% (2010)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $131.7 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $159.6 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 13% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 28.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

28.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 2.8% (2019 est.)

3.2% (2018 est.)

3.8% (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$30.359 billion (2019 est.)

-$30.633 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $178.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$200.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$211.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: China 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019)
Commodities: coal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)

Imports: $159.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$204.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$218.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: China 27%, Singapore 12%, Japan 8%, Thailand 5%, United States 5%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, telephones, natural gas (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $130.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Debt external: $393.252 billion (2019 est.)

$360.945 billion (2018 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar
14,110 (2020 est.)

14,015 (2019 est.)

14,470 (2018 est.)

13,389.4 (2014 est.)

11,865.2 (2013 est.)

Indonesia - Energy 2021

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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 99% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 100% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 99% (2019)
Production: 235.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 213.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2017 est.)
Imports: 693 million kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 61.43 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 85% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 772,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 302,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 498,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 3.31 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption: 1.601 million bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 79,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 591,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 72.09 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 42.32 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $29.78 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.866 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita

Indonesia - Communication 2021

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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 9,186,370 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.36 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 355,748,606 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130.1 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)

Internet
Country code: .id
Users total: 202.6 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 53.73% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 10,713,107 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.92 (2020 est.)

Indonesia - Military 2021

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Military expenditures: 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

0.8% of GDP (2020)

0.7% of GDP (2019)

0.7% of GDP (2018)

0.9% of GDP (2017)

Military and security forces:

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir, KorMar), Naval Aviation Center (PUSPENERBAL)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Kopassus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), National Army Reserve Component (Komcad)
Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP) is under the Ministry of Transportation (2021)

note(s) - the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counter-terrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror)

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2021)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T

Indonesia - Transportation 2021

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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 611
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,154,100 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,131,910,000 mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: PK

Airports
Total: 673 (2013)
With paved runways total: 186
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 21
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 51
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 72
With paved runways under 914 m: 37 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 487
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 23
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 460 (2013)

Heliports: 76 (2013)

Pipelines: 1064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11,702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)

Railways
Total: 8,159 km (2014)
Narrowgauge: 8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)
Note: 4,816 km operational

Roadways
Total: 496,607 km (2011)
Paved: 283,102 km (2011)
Unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)

Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)

Merchant marine
Total: 10,427
By type: bulk carrier 148, container ship 226, general cargo 2,238, oil tanker 676, other 7,139 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
Container ports teus: Tanjung Perak (3,900,000), Tanjung Priok (7,600,000) (2019)
Lng terminals export: Bontang, Tangguh
Lng terminals import: Arun, Lampung, West Java

Indonesia - Transnational issues 2021

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Disputes international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 5,863 (Afghanistan) (2020)
IDPs: 40,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2020)
Stateless persons: 874 (2020)

Illicit drugs: a transit and destination point for illicit narcotics; consumer of crystal methamphetamine trafficked in Burma and Pakistan and also transit to Australia and New Zealand; significant consumer of ecstasy from China and the Netherlands and domestically grown cannabis