Map of Peru | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in June 2011, and carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Poverty and unemployment levels have fallen dramatically in the last decade, and today Peru boasts one of the best performing economies in Latin America. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow presidential runoff election in June 2016. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, President KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation on 21 March 2018. Two days later, First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. On 30 September 2019, President VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections took place on 26 January 2020 resulting in the return of an opposition-led legislature. President VIZCARRA was impeached by Congress on 9 November 2020 for a second time and removed from office after being accused of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, constitutional succession led to the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, becoming the next president of Peru. His ascension to office was not well received by the population, and large protests forced his resignation on 15 November 2020. On 17 November, Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day.


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Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 76 00 W

Map reference: South America

Area
Total: 1,285,216 km²
Land: 1,279,996 km²
Water: 5,220 km²
Comparative: almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska

Land boundaries
Total: 7,062 km
Border countries: (5) Bolivia 1212 km; , Brazil 2,659 km; , Chile 168 km; , Colombia 1494 km; , Ecuador 1529 km

Coastline: 2,414 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Elevation
Highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m
Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 1,555 m

Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Land use
Agricultural land: 18.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)
Forest: 53% (2018 est.)
Other: 28.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 25,800 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 km


Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 2.797 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 206.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 13.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 1,879,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

Geography


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Population
Distribution: approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated: 32,201,224 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 0.88% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 20.2% (2019 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Peruvian(s)
Adjective: Peruvian

Ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 60.2%, Amerindian 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)

Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other (includes foreign languages and sign language) 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Roman Catholic 60%, Christian 14.6% (includes Evangelical 11.1%, other 3.5%), other 0.3%, none 4%, unspecified 21.1% (2017 est.)

Demographic profile: Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites.

Age structure
0-14 years: 25.43% (male 4,131,985/female 3,984,546)
15-24 years: 17.21% (male 2,756,024/female 2,736,394)
25-54 years: 41.03% (male 6,279,595/female 6,815,159)
55-64 years: 8.28% (male 1,266,595/female 1,375,708)
65 years and over: 8.05% (male 1,207,707/female 1,361,276) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 50.2
Youth dependency ratio: 37.1
Elderly dependency ratio: 13.1
Potential support ratio: 7.6 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 29.1 years
Male: 28.3 years
Female: 29.9 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.88% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 16.67 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 6.09 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.76 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 78.3% of total population (2020)
Rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 10.883 million LIMA (capital), 935,000 Arequipa, 878,000 Trujillo (2021)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing
International agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 24.27 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 57.41 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 30.17 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 21.9 years (2013 est.)
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 88 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 19.37 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 22.02 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 16.6 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 74.96 years
Male: 72.84 years
Female: 77.19 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.02 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 76.3% (2018)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 95.6% of population
Improved rural: 77.4% of population
Improved total: 92.1% of population
Unimproved urban: 4.4% of population
Unimproved rural: 22.6% of population
Unimproved total: 7.9% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 5.2% (2018)

Physicians density: 1.3 physicians/1000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 1.6 beds/1000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 92.2% of population
Improved rural: 60.8% of population
Improved total: 85.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 7.8% of population
Unimproved rural: 14.8% of population
Unimproved total: 23.8% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2020 est.)
People living with hivaids: 91,000 (2020 est.)
Deaths: <1000 (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever)
Note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Peru; as of 6 October 2021, Peru has reported a total of 2,179,316 cases of COVID-19 or 6,609.63 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 605.07 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 3 October 2021, 48.51% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 19.7% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2.4% (2019)

Education expenditures: 4.2% of GDP (2020)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 94.5%
Male: 97%
Female: 92% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years (2017)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 12.6%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 13%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 12.1% (2020 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Peru
Conventional short form: Peru
Local long form: Republica del Peru
Local short form: Peru
Etymology: exact meaning is obscure, but the name may derive from a native word 'biru' meaning 'river'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Lima
Geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
Time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: the word 'Lima' derives from the Spanish pronunciation of 'Limaq,' the native name for the valley in which the city was founded in 1535; 'limaq' means 'talker' in coastal Quechua and referred to an oracle that was situated in the valley but which was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church

Administrative divisions: 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
Note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the Callao region

Dependent areas

Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday: Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993
Amendments: proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the 'Cabinet, ' or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2021

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descentonly: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (since 28 July 2021); First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 28 July 2021); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (since 28 July 2021); First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 28 July 2021); Second Vice President (vacant)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 11 April 2021 with a runoff on 6 June 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)
Election results:
Note: President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo assumed office after President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard resigned from office on 21 March 2018; after VIZCARRA was impeached on 9 November 2020, the constitutional line of succession led to the inauguration of the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel Arturo MERINO, as President of Peru on 10 November 2020; following his resignation only days later on 15 November 2020, Francisco Rafael SAGASTI Hochhausler - who had been elected by the legislature to be the new President of Congress on 16 November 2020 - was then sworn in as President of Peru on 17 November 2020 by line of succession and remained president until the inauguration of Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones, winner of the 2021 presidential election

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Free Peru 14.02%, Popular Force 11.17%, AP 9.22%, Popular Renewal 9.13%, APP 7.61%, Avanza Pais 7.40%, JP 6.63%, We Are Peru 6.02%, We Can Peru 5.73%, Purple Party 5.31%; seats by party/coalition - Free Peru 37, Popular Force 24, AP 16, APP 15, Popular Renewal 13, Avanza Pais 7, We Are Peru 5, We Can Peru 5, JP 4, Purple Party 4; composition - men 96, women 34, percent of women 26.2%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)
Judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Cesar TRELLES Lara]
Broad Front (Frente Amplio; also known as El Frente Amplio por Justicia, Vida y Libertad) (coalition includes Nuevo Peru [Veronika MENDOZA], Tierra y Libertad [Marco ARANA Zegarra], and Fuerza Social [Susana VILLARAN de la Puente]
Free Peru (Peru Libre) [Vladimir CERRON Rojas]
National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]
National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN [George FORSYTH Sommer]
Peru Posible or PP (coalition includes Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]
Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Javier VELASQUEZ Quesquen] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)
Peruvian Nationalist Party [Ollanta HUMALA]
Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio) or PPK [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]
Popular Action (Accion Popular) or AP [Mesias GUEVARA Amasifuen]
Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano) or PPC [Lourdes FLORES Nano]
Popular Force (Fuerza Popular; formerly Fuerza 2011) [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]
Popular Renewal (Renovacion Popular) [Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA]
Purple Party (Partido Morado) [Julio Armando GUZMAN Caceres]
Social Integration Party (Avanza Pais - Partido de Integracion Social) [Pedro CENAS Casamayor]
Together For Peru (Juntos por el Peru) or JP [Robert SANCHEZ Palomino]
We Are Peru (Somos Peru) [Patricia LI]
We Can Peru (Podemos Peru) [Jose Leon LUNA Galvez]

International organization participation: APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Hugo DE ZELA Martínez (since 8 July 2019)
In the us chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 833-9,860 through 9,869
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 659-8,124
In the us email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.us
In the us consulate(s)general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco, Washington DC
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Lisa Suzanne KENNA (since 18 March 2021)
From the us embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
From the us mailing address: 3,230 Lima Place, Washington DC  20,521-3,230
From the us telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
From the us FAX: [51] (1) 618-2,724
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

National symbols: vicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: 'Himno Nacional del Peru' (National Anthem of Peru)
Lyrics and music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
Note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 2.18% (2019 est.)

3.97% (2018 est.)

2.48% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 64.9% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.2% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 24% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -22% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 7.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 32.7% (2017 est.)
Services: 59.9% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sugar cane, potatoes, rice, plantains, milk, poultry, maize, cassava, oil palm fruit, grapes

Industries: mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Industrial production growth rate: 2.7% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 3.421 million (2020 est.)
Note: individuals older than 14 years of age
By occupation agriculture: 25.8%
By occupation industry: 17.4%
By occupation services: 56.8% (2011)

Unemployment rate: 6.58% (2019 est.)
Note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 12.6%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 13%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 12.1% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 20.2% (2019 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 42.8 (2018 est.)

51 (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 1.4%
Highest 10: 36.1% (2010 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $58.06 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $64.81 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 27.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 25.4% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 2.1% (2019 est.)
Note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$3.531 billion (2019 est.)

-$3.821 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $54.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$55.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

$53.823 billion (2017 est.)
Partners: China 29%, United States 12%, Canada 5%, South Korea 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)
Commodities: copper, gold, refined petroleum, zinc, fishmeal, tropical fruits, lead, iron, molybdenum (2019)

Imports: $51.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$51.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

$46.15 billion (2017 est.)
Partners: China 24%, United States 22%, Brazil 6% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $63.83 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$61.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $81.333 billion (2019 est.)

$75.467 billion (2018 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 97% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 99% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 86% (2019)
Production: 50.13 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 44.61 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 55 million kWh (2015 est.)
Imports: 22 million kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 14.73 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 61% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 35% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 49,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 7,995 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 86,060 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 434.9 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 166,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption: 250,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 62,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 65,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 12.99 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 7.483 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $5.505 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 455.9 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 3,082,040 (2018)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9.8 (2018 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 38,915,400 (2018)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 123.8 (2019 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2019)

Internet
Country code: .pe
Users total: 19.9 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 65.25% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 2,536,077 (2018 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7.93 (2018 est.)


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Military expenditures: 1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.2% of GDP (2019)

1.2% of GDP (2018)

1.2% of GDP (2017)

1.3% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru (CCFFAA): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP); Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio del Interior): Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2021)

Military service age and obligation: 18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service (12 months); no conscription (2021)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 62
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 17,758,527 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 313.26 million mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OB

Airports
Total: 191 (2013)
With paved runways total: 59
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 21
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 16
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 12
With paved runways under 914 m: 5 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 132
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 19
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 30
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 82 (2013)

Heliports: 5 (2013)

Pipelines: 786 km extra heavy crude, 1526 km gas, 679 km liquid petroleum gas, 1033 km oil, 15 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 1,854 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 1,730.4 km 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified) (2014)
Narrowgauge: 124 km 0.914-m gauge (2014)

Roadways
Total: 140,672 km (18,699 km paved) (2012)
Note: includes 24,593 km of national roads (14,748 km paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved)

Waterways: 8,808 km (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon River system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)

Merchant marine
Total: 98
By type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 8, other 89 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Callao, Matarani, Paita
Oil terminals: Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal
Container ports teus: Callao (2,313,907) (2019)
River ports: Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon)


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Disputes international: Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 1,286,434 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)
IDPs: 60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2020)

Illicit drugs: world’s second-largest producer of cocaine, with an estimated 88,200 hectares under coca cultivation in 2020; cocaine is trafficked throughout South America for shipment to Europe, East Asia, Mexico, and the United States; major importer of precursor chemicals for cocaine production