Map of Russia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background: Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV Dynasty. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states.


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Location: North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 17,098,242 km²
Land: 16,377,742 km²
Water: 720,500 km²
Comparative: approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries
Total: 22,407 km
Border countries: (14) Azerbaijan 338 km; , Belarus 1312 km; , China (southeast) 4,133 km; and China (south) 46 km; , Estonia 324 km; , Finland 1309 km; , Georgia 894 km; , Kazakhstan 7,644 km; , North Korea 18 km; , Latvia 332 km; , Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; , Mongolia 3,452 km; , Norway 191 km; , Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; , Ukraine 1944 km

Coastline: 37,653 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Elevation
Highest point: Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m
Lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Mean elevation: 600 m

Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

Land use
Agricultural land: 13.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 49.4% (2018 est.)
Other: 37.5% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 43,000 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnieper river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km


Major watersheds area km²: Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 km²), Lena (2,306,743 km²), Ob (2,972,493 km²), Pechora (289,532 km²), Yenisei (2,554,388 km²)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 km²), Dnieper (533,966 km²)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 km²)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia

Geography


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Population
Distribution: population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south: 142,320,790 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: -0.2% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 12.6% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Russian(s)
Adjective: Russian

Ethnic groups: Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
Note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census

Languages: Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 17.24% (male 12,551,611/female 11,881,297)
15-24 years: 9.54% (male 6,920,070/female 6,602,776)
25-54 years: 43.38% (male 30,240,260/female 31,245,104)
55-64 years: 14.31% (male 8,808,330/female 11,467,697)
65 years and over: 15.53% (male 7,033,381/female 14,971,679) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 51.2
Youth dependency ratio: 27.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 23.5
Potential support ratio: 4.3 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 40.3 years
Male: 37.5 years
Female: 43.2 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.2% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 9.71 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 13.4 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.7 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Urbanization
Urban population: 74.9% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 12.593 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.504 million Saint Petersburg, 1.676 million Novosibirsk, 1.513 million Yekaterinburg, 1.280 million Kazan, 1.255 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2021)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 13.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 851.52 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.77 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 25.2 years (2013 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 6.51 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 7.38 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 5.58 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.16 years
Male: 66.61 years
Female: 78.05 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 68% (2011)
Note: percent of women aged 15-44

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 98.6% of population
Improved rural: 94.2% of population
Improved total: 97.1% of population
Unimproved urban: 1.4% of population
Unimproved rural: 5.8% of population
Unimproved total: 2.9% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 5.3% (2018)

Physicians density: 3.75 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 7.1 beds/1000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 94.8% of population
Improved rural: 78.1% of population
Improved total: 90.5% of population
Unimproved urban: 5.2% of population
Unimproved rural: 21.9% of population
Unimproved total: 9.5% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 1.2% (2017 est.)
People living with hivaids: 1 million (2017 est.)
Deaths: NA

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vector borne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis
Note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 6 October 2021, Russia has reported a total of 7,662,560 cases of COVID-19 or 5,250.69 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 145.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 33.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 4.7% of GDP (2018)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.7%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.7% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 16 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 17%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 16%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 18.2% (2020 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Russian Federation
Conventional short form: Russia
Local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Local short form: Rossiya
Former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Etymology: Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects

Government type: semi-presidential federation

Capital
Name: Moscow
Geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
Timezone note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
Etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation 'Mustajoki' given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been 'dark' or 'turbid'

Administrative divisions: 46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')

Dependent areas

Independence: 25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)

National holiday: Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

Constitution
History: several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993
Amendments: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)
Head of government: Premier Mikhail MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020); First Deputy Premier Andrey Removich BELOUSOV (since 21 January 2020); Deputy Premiers Yuriy TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013), Yuriy Ivanovich BORISOV, Tatiana Alekseyevna GOLIKOVA (since 18 May 2018), Dmitriy Yuriyevich GRIGORENKO, Viktoriya Valeriyevna ABRAMCHENKO, Aleksey Logvinovich OVERCHUK, Marat Shakirzyanovich KHUSNULLIN, Dmitriy Nikolayevich CHERNYSHENKO (since 21 January 2020), Aleksandr NOVAK (since 10 November 2020)
Cabinet: the 'Government' is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (2020 constitutional amendments allow a second consecutive term); election last held on 18 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2024); note - for the 2024 presidential election, previous presidential terms are discounted; there is no vice president; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
Election results:
Note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of:
Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms)
State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats (see note below); as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: State Duma - last held 17 - 19 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2026)
Election results: Federation Council (members appointed); composition (as of October 2021) - men 141, women 29, percent of women 17.1%
State Duma - United Russia 50.9%, CPRF 19.3%, LDPR 7.7%, A Just Russia 7.6%, New People 5.3% other minor parties and Independents 9.2%; seats by party - United Russia 324, CPRF 57, LDPR 21, A Just Russia 27, New People 13; Rodina 1, CP 1, Party of Growth 1, independent 5; composition (as of October 2021) - men 377, women 73, percent of women 16.2%; note - total Federation Council percent of women 16.5%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy); note - in February 2014, Russia’s Higher Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court, which in addition is the country’s highest judicial authority for appeals, civil, criminal, administrative, and military cases, and the disciplinary judicial board, which has jurisdiction over economic disputes
Judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
Subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions

Political parties and leaders: A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]
Civic Platform or CP [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV]
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]
New People  [Alexey NECHAYEV]
Party of Growth [Irina MIRONOVA]
Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV]
United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]
Note: 31 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of September 2021); 14 participated in the 2021 election, but only 8 parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature

International organization participation: APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Anatoliy Ivanovich ANTONOV (since 8 September 2017)
In the us chancery: 2,650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 298-5,700
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 298-5,735
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador John J. SULLIVAN (since 5 February 2021)
From the us embassy: Bolshoy Deviatinsky Pereulok No. 8, Moscow 121,099
From the us mailing address: 5,430 Moscow Place, Washington DC  20,521-5,430
From the us telephone: [7] (495) 728-5,000
From the us FAX: [7] (495) 728-5,090
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors

National symbols: bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red

National anthem
Name: 'Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii' (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)
Lyrics and music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
Note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.34% (2019 est.)

2.54% (2018 est.)

1.83% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 52.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 18% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 26.2% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -20.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 32.4% (2017 est.)
Services: 62.3% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, sugar beet, milk, potatoes, barley, sunflower seed, maize, poultry, oats, soybeans

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: -1% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 69.923 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 9.4%
By occupation industry: 27.6%
By occupation services: 63% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate: 4.6% (2019 est.)

4.8% (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 17%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 16%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 18.2% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 12.6% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 37.5 (2018 est.)

41.9 (2013)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.3%
Highest 10: 32.2% (2012 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $258.6 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $281.4 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-1.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 4.4% (2019 est.)

2.8% (2018 est.)

3.7% (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $65.311 billion (2019 est.)

$115.68 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $379.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$481.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$508.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: China 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)

Imports: $304.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$353.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$343.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: China 20%, Germany 13%, Belarus 6% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $432.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $479.844 billion (2019 est.)

$484.355 billion (2018 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 1.031 trillion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 909.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: $13.13 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 3.194 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 244.9 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 68% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 11% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 21% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 10.759 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 4.921 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 76,220 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 80 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 6.076 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption: 3.65 million bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 2.671 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 41,920 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 665.6 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 467.5 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $210.2 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 15.77 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 47.8 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 27,674,128 (2019)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18.97 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 238,733,217 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 163.6 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations

Internet
Country code: .ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain '.su' that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out
Users total: 124 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 84.99% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 33,872,758 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23.21 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures: 4% of GDP (2020 est.)

3.9% of GDP (2019)

3.8% of GDP (2018)

4.2% of GDP (2017)

5.4% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces:

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019)

note: in April of 2019, the Russian Government pledged its intent to end conscription as part of a decade-long effort to shift from a large, conscript-based military to a smaller, more professional force

Space program

Terrorist groups: Aum Shimrikyo (AUM/Aleph); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Caucasus Province
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 32 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 958
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 99,327,311 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 6,810,610,000 mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: RA

Airports
Total: 1,218 (2013)
With paved runways total: 594
With paved runways over 3047 m: 54
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 197
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 123
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 95
With paved runways under 914 m: 125 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 624
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 4
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 13
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 69
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 81
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 457 (2013)

Heliports: 49 (2013)

Pipelines: 177,700 km gas, 54,800 km oil, 19,300 km refined products (2016)

Railways
Total: 87,157 km (2014)
Narrowgauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island) (2014)
Broadgauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified) (2014)
Note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries

Roadways
Total: 1,283,387 km (2012)
Paved: 927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways) (2012)
Unpaved: 355,666 km (2012)

Waterways: 102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009)

Merchant marine
Total: 2,873
By type: bulk carrier 13, container ship 17, general cargo 946, oil tanker 406, other 1,491 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: 
Arctic Ocean: Arkhangelsk, Murmansk
Baltic Sea: Kaliningrad, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg
Black Sea: Novorossiysk
Pacific Ocean: Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vostochnyy
Oil terminals: Kavkaz oil terminal, Primorsk
Container ports teus: Saint Petersburg (2,221,724) (2019)
Lng terminals export: Sabetta, Sakhalin Island
River ports: Astrakhan, Kazan (Volga River); Rostov-on-Don (Don River); Saint Petersburg (Neva River)


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Disputes international: Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the 'Northern Territories' and in Russia as the 'Southern Kurils,' occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine’s territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 18,428 (Ukraine) (2020)
Stateless persons: 60,185 (2020); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants

Illicit drugs: a destination country for Afghan opium and heroin; a transit country for cocaine from South America, especially Ecuador to Europe, Belgium and Netherlands; synthetic drugs are produced in clandestine drug laboratories throughout the country; cannabis cultivated in Russian Far East and the North Caucasus; the majority of hashish is smuggled in from Northern Africa