Map of United Arab Emirates | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading West European nations. For more than three decades, oil and global finance drove the UAE's economy. In 2008-09, the confluence of falling oil prices, collapsing real estate prices, and the international banking crisis hit the UAE especially hard. The UAE did not experience the 'Arab Spring' unrest seen elsewhere in the Middle East in 2010-11, partly because of the government's multi-year, $1.6-billion infrastructure investment plan for the poorer northern emirates, and its aggressive pursuit of advocates of political reform. The UAE in recent years has played a growing role in regional affairs. In addition to donating billions of dollars in economic aid to help stabilize Egypt, the UAE was one of the first countries to join the Defeat-ISIS coalition, and to participate as a key partner in a Saudi-led military campaign in Yemen. On 15 September 2020, the UAE and Bahrain signed a peace agreement (the Abraham Accords) with Israel – brokered by the US – in Washington DC. The UAE and Bahrain thus became the third and fourth Middle Eastern countries, along with Egypt and Jordan, to recognize Israel.


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Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates: 24 00 N, 54 00 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 83,600 km²
Land: 83,600 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than South Carolina; slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries
Total: 1,066 km
Border countries: (2) Oman 609 km; , Saudi Arabia 457 km

Coastline: 1,318 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains

Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert; mountains in east

Elevation
Highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m
Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
Mean elevation: 149 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas

Land use
Agricultural land: 4.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 0.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 3.6% (2018 est.)
Forest: 3.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 91.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 923 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 617 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 3.312 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 150 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms

Geography
Note: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil


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Population
Distribution: population is heavily concentrated to the northeast on the Musandam Peninsula; the three largest emirates - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah - are home to nearly 85% of the population: 9,856,612 (July 2021 est.)
Note: the UN estimated the country's total population was 9,771,000 as of mid-year 2019; immigrants make up 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)
Growth rate: 0.62% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 19.5% (2003 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Emirati(s)
Adjective: Emirati

Ethnic groups: Emirati 11.6%, South Asian 59.4% (includes Indian 38.2%, Bangladeshi 9.5%, Pakistani 9.4%, other 2.3%), Egyptian 10.2%, Filipino 6.1%, other 12.8% (2015 est.)

Languages: Arabic (official), English, Hindi, Malayam, Urdu, Pashto, Tagalog, Persian
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim (official) 76%, Christian 9%, other (primarily Hindu and Buddhist, less than 5% of the population consists of Parsi, Baha'i, Druze, Sikh, Ahmadi, Ismaili, Dawoodi Bohra Muslim, and Jewish) 15% (2005 est.)
Note: data represent the total population; as of 2019, immigrants make up about 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.45% (male 745,492/female 698,330)
15-24 years: 7.94% (male 431,751/female 361,804)
25-54 years: 68.03% (male 5,204,618/female 1,592,987)
55-64 years: 7.68% (male 658,892/female 108,850)
65 years and over: 1.9% (male 146,221/female 43,138) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 19.2
Youth dependency ratio: 17.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 1.5
Potential support ratio: 66.4 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 38.4 years
Male: 40.4 years
Female: 31.5 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.62% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 10.87 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 1.51 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -3.18 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: population is heavily concentrated to the northeast on the Musandam Peninsula; the three largest emirates - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah - are home to nearly 85% of the population

Urbanization
Urban population: 87.3% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 2.921 million Dubai, 1.737 million Sharjah, 1.512 million ABU DHABI (capital) (2021)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution; rapid population growth and high energy demand contribute to water scarcity; lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; land degradation and desertification; waste generation, beach pollution from oil spills
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 39.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 206.32 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 56.55 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.19 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 3.27 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 6.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 3.39 male(s)/female
Total population: 2.56 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio: 3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.25 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 5.82 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.65 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 79.37 years
Male: 78.04 years
Female: 80.78 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved: total: 100% of population
Unimproved: total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 4.2% (2018)

Physicians density: 2.53 physicians/1000 population (2018)

Hospital bed density: 1.4 beds/1000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved: total: 98.6% of population
Unimproved: total: 1.4% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2020)
People living with hivaids: <1,000 (2020)
Deaths: 100 <100 (2020)

Major infectious diseases
Note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout UAE; as of 6 October 2021, UAE has reported a total of 737,073 cases of COVID-19 or 7,452.41 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 21.27 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 6 October 2021, 93.95% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 31.7% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (2019)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 97.6%
Male: 98%
Female: 96.9% (2019)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 17 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 7.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 4.9%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 15% (2019 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: United Arab Emirates
Conventional short form: none
Local long form: Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
Local short form: none
Former: Trucial Oman, Trucial States
Abbreviation: UAE
Etymology: self-descriptive country name; the name 'Arabia' can be traced back many centuries B.C., the ancient Egyptians referred to the region as 'Ar Rabi'; 'emirates' derives from 'amir' the Arabic word for 'commander,' 'lord,' or 'prince'

Government type: federation of monarchies

Capital
Name: Abu Dhabi
Geographic coordinates: 24 28 N, 54 22 E
Time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: in Arabic, 'abu' means 'father' and 'dhabi' refers to 'gazelle'; the name may derive from an abundance of gazelles that used to live in the area, as well as a folk tale involving the 'Father of the Gazelle,' Shakhbut bin Dhiyab al Nahyan, whose hunting party tracked a gazelle to a spring on the island where Abu Dhabi was founded

Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn

Dependent areas

Independence: 2 December 1971 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day (National Day), 2 December (1971)

Constitution
History: previous 1971 (provisional); latest drafted in 1979, became permanent May 1996
Amendments: proposed by the Supreme Council and submitted to the Federal National Council; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote of Federal National Council members present and approval of the Supreme Council president; amended 2009

Legal system: mixed legal system of Islamic (sharia) law and civil law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: the father must be a citizen of the United Arab Emirates; if the father is unknown, the mother must be a citizen
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years

Suffrage: limited; note - rulers of the seven emirates each select a proportion of voters for the Federal National Council (FNC) that together account for about 12 percent of Emirati citizens

Executive branch
Chief of state: President KHALIFA bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (since 2 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) (since 4 November 2004); Vice President and Prime Minister MUHAMMAD BIN RASHID Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006)
Head of government: Prime Minister Vice President MUHAMMAD BIN RASHID Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers SAIF bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan, MANSUR bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (both since 11 May 2009)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers announced by the prime minister and approved by the president
Elections and appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the Federal Supreme Council - composed of the rulers of the 7 emirates - for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held 3 November 2009 (next election NA); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: KHALIFA bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan reelected president; FSC vote NA
Note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the 7 emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation; meets 4 times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) or Majlis al-Ittihad al-Watani (40 seats; 20 members indirectly elected using single non-transferable vote by an electoral college whose members are selected by each emirate ruler proportional to its FNC membership, and 20 members appointed by the rulers of the 7 constituent states; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held for indirectly elected members on 5 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)
Election results: all candidates ran as independents; seats by emirate - Abu Dhabi 4, Dubai 4, Sharjah 3, Ras al-Khaimah 3, Ajman 2, Fujairah 2, Umm al-Quwain 2; composition (preliminary) - 13 men, 7 women, percent of elected women 35%; note - to attain overall FNC gender parity, 13 women and 7 men will be appointed; overall FNC percent of women 50%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Federal Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 4 judges; jurisdiction limited to federal cases)
Judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the federal president following approval by the Federal Supreme Council, the highest executive and legislative authority consisting of the 7 emirate rulers; judges serve until retirement age or the expiry of their appointment terms
Subordinate courts: Federal Court of Cassation (determines the constitutionality of laws promulgated at the federal and emirate level; federal level courts of first instance and appeals courts); the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Ra's al Khaymah have parallel court systems; the other 4 emirates have incorporated their courts into the federal system; note - the Abu Dhabi Global Market Courts and the Dubai International Financial Center Courts, the country’s two largest financial free zones, both adjudicate civil and commercial disputes.

Political parties and leaders: none; political parties are banned

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB (nonregional member), AFESD, AMF, BIS, CAEU, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OIF (observer), OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Yusif bin Mani bin Said al-UTAYBA (since 28 July 2008)
In the us chancery: 3,522 International Court NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 243-2,400
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 243-2,432
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sean MURPHY (since August 2020)
From the us embassy: Embassies District, Plot 38, Sector W59-02, Street No. 4, Abu Dhabi
From the us mailing address: 6,010 Abu Dhabi Place, Washington DC 20,521-6,010
From the us telephone: [971] (2) 414-2,200
From the us FAX: [971] (2) 414-2,241
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side; the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources (black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated into all flags of the emirates before their unification

National symbols: golden falcon; national colors: green, white, black, red

National anthem
Name: 'Nashid al-watani al-imarati' (National Anthem of the UAE)
Lyrics and music: AREF Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
Note: music adopted 1971, lyrics adopted 1996; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of Tunisia

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 0.8% (2017 est.)

3% (2016 est.)

5.1% (2015 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 34.9% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 12.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.8% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 100.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -72.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 49.8% (2017 est.)
Services: 49.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: dates, cucumbers, tomatoes, goat meat, eggs, milk, poultry, carrots/turnips, goat milk, milk

Industries: petroleum and petrochemicals; fishing, aluminum, cement, fertilizer, commercial ship repair, construction materials, handicrafts, textiles

Industrial production growth rate: 1.8% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 5.344 million (2017 est.)
Note: expatriates account for about 85% of the workforce
By occupation agriculture: 7%
By occupation industry: 15%
By occupation services: 78% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate: 1.6% (2016 est.)

3.6% (2014 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 7.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 4.9%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 15% (2019 est.)

Population below poverty line: 19.5% (2003 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 32.5 (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: NA
Highest 10: NA

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $110.2 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $111.1 billion (2017 est.)
Note: the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai
Surplus or deficit: $-0.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 28.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 19.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

20.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: -1.9% (2019 est.)

3% (2018 est.)

1.9% (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $26.47 billion (2017 est.)

$13.23 billion (2016 est.)

Exports: $308.5 billion (2017 est.)

$298.6 billion (2016 est.)
Partners: India 11%, Japan 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Switzerland 6%, China 6%, Iraq 6% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, jewelry, broadcasting equipment (2019)

Imports: $229.2 billion (2017 est.)

$226.5 billion (2016 est.)
Partners: China 15%, India 12%, Untied States 7% (2019)
Commodities: gold, broadcasting equipment, jewelry, refined petroleum, diamonds (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $95.37 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$85.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $237.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$218.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 121.8 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 113.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 1.141 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 28.91 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 99% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 3.216 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 2.552 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 97.8 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 943,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption: 896,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 817,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 392,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 62.01 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 74.48 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $7.504 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 20.22 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 6.091 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2,380,866 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24.07 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 18,374,332 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 185.8 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: except for the many organizations now operating in media free zones in Abu Dhabi and Dubai, most TV and radio stations remain government-owned; widespread use of satellite dishes provides access to pan-Arab and other international broadcasts; restrictions since June 2017 on some satellite channels and websites originating from or otherwise linked to Qatar (2018)

Internet
Country code: .ae
Users total: 9.94 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 100% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 3,245,123 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32.81 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures: 6% of GDP (2020 est.)

5% of GDP (2019 est.)

5% of GDP (2018 est.)

5.2% of GDP (2017)

6% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: United Arab Emirates Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy Forces, Air Force, Presidential Guard; Ministry of Interior: Critical Infrastructure Coastal Patrol Agency (CICPA) (2021)

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 17 years of age for male volunteers with parental approval; 24-month general service obligation, 16 months for secondary school graduates; women can volunteer to serve for 9 months regardless of education (2019)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 10 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 497
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 95,533,069 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 15,962,900,000 mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: A6

Airports
Total: 43 (2013)
With paved runways total: 25
With paved runways over 3047 m: 12
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 5
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3
With paved runways under 914 m: 2 (2013)
With unpaved runways total: 18
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 6
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 6 (2013)

Heliports: 5 (2013)

Pipelines: 533 km condensate, 3,277 km gas, 300 km liquid petroleum gas, 3,287 km oil, 24 km oil/gas/water, 218 km refined products, 99 km water (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 4,080 km (2008)
Paved: 4,080 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2008)

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 623
By type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 3, general cargo 117, oil tanker 19, other 483 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Al Fujayrah, Mina' Jabal 'Ali (Dubai), Khor Fakkan (Khawr Fakkan) (Sharjah), Mubarraz Island (Abu Dhabi), Mina' Rashid (Dubai), Mina' Saqr (Ra's al Khaymah)
Container ports teus: Dubai Port (14,111,000) (2019)
Lng terminals export: Das Island


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Disputes international: boundary agreement was signed and ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but contents of the agreement and detailed maps showing the alignment have not been published; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which Iran occupies

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: a transshipment point for illegal narcotics and a pass-through for drug proceeds; numerous exchange houses and general trading companies increase potential for money; major source of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics