Map of Yemen | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Kingdom of Yemen (colloquially known as North Yemen) became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (colloquially known as South Yemen). Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation and changed the country's name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement and brief civil war in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to delineate their border.


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Location: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 48 00 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 527,968 km²
Land: 527,968 km²
Water: 0 km²
Note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
Comparative: almost four times the size of Alabama; slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries
Total: 1,601 km
Border countries: (2) Oman 294 km; , Saudi Arabia 1307 km

Coastline: 1,906 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east

Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula

Elevation
Highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,666 m
Lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 999 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west

Land use
Agricultural land: 44.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 1% (2018 est.)
Other: 54.5% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 6,800 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 265 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 65 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 3.235 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 2.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Geography
Note: strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes


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Population
Distribution: the vast majority of the population is found in the Asir Mountains (part of the larger Sarawat Mountain system), located in the far western region of the country: 30,399,243 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 1.93% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 48.6% (2014 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Yemeni(s)
Adjective: Yemeni

Ethnic groups: predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asian, European

Languages: Arabic (official); note - a distinct Socotri language is widely used on Socotra Island and Archipelago; Mahri is still fairly widely spoken in eastern Yemen
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim 99.1% (official; virtually all are citizens, an estimated 65% are Sunni and 35% are Shia), other 0.9% (includes Jewish, Baha'i, Hindu, and Christian; many are refugees or temporary foreign residents) (2020 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 39.16% (male 5,711,709 /female 5,513,526)
15-24 years: 21.26% (male 3,089,817 /female 3,005,693)
25-54 years: 32.78% (male 4,805,059 /female 4,591,811)
55-64 years: 4% (male 523,769 /female 623,100)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 366,891 /female 435,855) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 71.7
Youth dependency ratio: 66.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 5
Potential support ratio: 19.9 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 19.8 years (2018 est.)
Male: 19.6 years
Female: 19.9 years

Population growth rate: 1.93% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 25.21 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 5.69 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.19 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: the vast majority of the population is found in the Asir Mountains (part of the larger Sarawat Mountain system), located in the far western region of the country

Urbanization
Urban population: 38.5% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 3.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 3.075 million SANAA (capital), 1.012 million Aden (2021)

Environment
Current issues: limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 44.96 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 10.61 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 8.03 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 20.8 years (2013 est.)
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 164 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 47.56 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 52.95 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 41.91 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 67.18 years
Male: 64.89 years
Female: 69.59 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 33.5% (2013)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 87.6% of population
Improved total: 92% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 12.4% of population
Unimproved total: 8% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 5.6% (2015)

Physicians density: 0.53 physicians/1000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 0.7 beds/1000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 93.1% of population
Improved rural: 48.5% of population
Improved total: 64.6% of population
Unimproved urban: 6.9% of population
Unimproved rural: 51.5% of population
Unimproved total: 35.4% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: <.1% (2020 est.)
People living with hivaids: 11,000 (2020 est.)
Deaths: <500 (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Watercontactdiseases: schistosomiasis

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 17.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 39.9% (2013)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 70.1%
Male: 85.1%
Female: 55% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 9 years
Male: 11 years
Female: 8 years (2011)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 24.5%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 23.5%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 34.6% (2014 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
Conventional short form: Yemen
Local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
Local short form: Al Yaman
Former: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]
Etymology: name derivation remains unclear but may come from the Arab term 'yumn' (happiness) and be related to the region's classical name 'Arabia Felix' (Fertile or Happy Arabia); the Romans referred to the rest of the peninsula as 'Arabia Deserta' (Deserted Arabia)

Government type: in transition

Capital
Name: Sanaa
Geographic coordinates: 15 21 N, 44 12 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: the name is reputed to mean 'well-fortified' in Sabaean, the South Arabian language that went extinct in Yemen in the 6th century A.D.

Administrative divisions: 22 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan (Aden), Ad Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Amanat al 'Asimah (Sanaa City), 'Amran, Arkhabil Suqutra (Socotra Archipelago), Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Raymah, Sa'dah, San'a' (Sanaa), Shabwah, Ta'izz

Dependent areas

Independence: 22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]); notable earlier dates: North Yemen became independent on 1 November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and became a republic with the overthrow of the theocratic Imamate on 27 September 1962; South Yemen became independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

National holiday: Unification Day, 22 May (1990)

Constitution
History: adopted by referendum 16 May 1991 (following unification); note - after the National  Dialogue ended in January 2015, a Constitutional Drafting Committee appointed by the president worked to prepare a new draft constitution that was expected to be put to a national referendum before being adopted; however, the start of the current conflict in early 2015 interrupted the process
Amendments: amended several times, last in 2009

Legal system: mixed legal system of Islamic (sharia) law, Napoleonic law, English common law, and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: the father must be a citizen of Yemen; if the father is unknown, the mother must be a citizen
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI (since 21 February 2012); Vice President ALI MUHSIN al-Ahmar, Lt. Gen. (since 3 April 2016)
Head of government: Prime Minister Maeen Abd al-Malik SAEED (since 15 October 2018)
Cabinet: appointed by the president
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 February 2012 (next election NA); note - a special election was held on 21 February 2012 to remove Ali Abdallah SALIH under the terms of a Gulf Cooperation Council-mediated deal during the political crisis of 2011; vice president appointed by the president; prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI (GPC) elected as a consensus president with about 50% popular participation; no other candidates

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis consists of:
Shura Council or Majlis Alshoora (111 seats; members appointed by the president; member tenure NA)
House of Representatives or Majlis al Nuwaab (301 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms)
Elections: House of Representatives - last held on 27 April 2003 (next scheduled for April 2009 but postponed indefinitely)
Election results: percent of vote by party - GPC 58.0%, Islah 22.6%, YSP 3.8%, Unionist Party 1.9%, other 13.7%; seats by party - GPC 238, Islah 46, YSP 8, Nasserist Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2, independent 4

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president, 2 deputies, and nearly 50 judges; court organized into constitutional, civil, commercial, family, administrative, criminal, military, and appeals scrutiny divisions)
Judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council, which is chaired by the president of the republic and includes 10 high-ranking judicial officers; judges serve for life with mandatory retirement at age 65
Subordinate courts: appeal courts; district or first instance courts; commercial courts

Political parties and leaders: General People’s Congress or GPC (3 factions: pro-Hadi [Abdrabbi Mansur HADI], pro-Houthi [Sadeq Ameen Abu RAS], pro-Saleh [Ahmed SALEH]
National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party [Qassem Salam SAID]
Nasserist Unionist People's Organization [Abdulmalik al-MEKHLAFI]
Southern Transitional Council or STC [Aidarus al-ZOUBAIDA]
Yemeni Reform Grouping or Islah [Muhammed Abdallah al-YADUMI]
Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Dr. Abd al-Rahman Umar al-SAQQAF]

(

International organization participation: AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, EITI (temporarily suspended), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmad Awadh BIN MUBARAK (since 3 August 2015)
In the us chancery: 2,319 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 965-4,760
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Cathy WESTLEY (since 23 May 2021); note - the embassy closed in March 2015; Yemen Affairs Unit currently operates out of US Embassy Riyadh
From the us embassy: previously - Sa'awan Street, Sanaa
From the us mailing address: 6,330 Sanaa Place, Washington DC  20,521-6,330
From the us telephone: US Embassy Riyadh [966] 11-488-3,800
previously - [967] 1 755-2000
From the us FAX: US Embassy Riyadh [966] 11-488-7,360
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
Note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

National symbols: golden eagle; national colors: red, white, black

National anthem
Name: 'al-qumhuriyatu l-muttahida' (United Republic)
Lyrics and music: Abdullah Abdulwahab NOA'MAN/Ayyoab Tarish ABSI
Note: adopted 1990; the music first served as the anthem for South Yemen before unification with North Yemen in 1990

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $73.63 billion (2017 est.)
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: -5.9% (2017 est.)

-13.6% (2016 est.)

-16.7% (2015 est.)

Real gdp per capita: $2,500 (2017 est.)
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 116.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 17.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 2.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 7.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -43.9% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 20.3% (2017 est.)
Industry: 11.8% (2017 est.)
Services: 67.9% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: mangoes/guavas, potatoes, sorghum, onions, milk, poultry, watermelons, grapes, oranges, bananas

Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles, leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; aluminum products; cement; commercial ship repair; natural gas production

Industrial production growth rate: 8.9% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 7.425 million (2017 est.)
By occupation note: most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force

Unemployment rate: 27% (2014 est.)

35% (2003 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 24.5%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 23.5%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 34.6% (2014 est.)

Population below poverty line: 48.6% (2014 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 36.7 (2014 est.)

37.3 (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.6%
Highest 10: 30.3% (2008 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $2.821 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $4.458 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-5.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 74.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

68.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 24.7% (2017 est.)

-12.6% (2016 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$1.236 billion (2017 est.)

-$1.868 billion (2016 est.)

Exports: $384.5 million (2017 est.)

$940 million (2016 est.)
Partners: China 53%, Saudi Arabia 10%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Australia 5% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, gold, fish, industrial chemical liquids, scrap iron (2019)

Imports: $4.079 billion (2017 est.)

$3.117 billion (2016 est.)
Partners: China 25%, Turkey 10%, United Arab Emirates 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, India 7% (2019)
Commodities: wheat, refined petroleum, iron, rice, cars (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $245.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$592.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $6.805 billion (2018 est.)

$7.181 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access populationwithoutelectricity: 16 million (2019)
Access electrification total population: 47% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 72% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 31% (2019)
Production: 4.784 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 3.681 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 1.819 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 79% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 21% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 61,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 8,990 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 3 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 20,180 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption: 104,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 12,670 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 75,940 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 481.4 million m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 481.4 million m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 478.5 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1.19 million (2018)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4.28 (2018 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 15,297,789 (2018)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 55.18 (2019 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: state-run TV with 2 stations; state-run radio with 2 national radio stations and 5 local stations; stations from Oman and Saudi Arabia can be accessed

Internet
Country code: .ye
Users total: 8.06 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 26.72% (2019 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 386,330 (2018)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1.68 (2019 est.)


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Military expenditures: 4.3% of GDP (2014)

4.3% of GDP (2013)

4.7% of GDP (2012)

5% of GDP (2011)

4.8% of GDP (2010)

note - no reliable information exists following the start of renewed conflict in 2015

Military and security forces: as of 2021, military and security forces operating in Yemen consists of a patchwork of government, non-state, and foreign-backed regular, semi-regular/militia, and paramilitary forces, often with informal command organizations and conflicting, fluid, or overlapping agendas, loyalties, and relationships; in addition, the Huthis maintain opposition military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2001; 2-year service obligation (note - limited information since the start of the civil war) (2021)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Yemen; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 8
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 336,310 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 3.27 million mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 7O

Airports
Total: 57 (2013)
With paved runways total: 17
With paved runways over 3047 m: 4
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 9
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways total: 40
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 3
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 7
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 16
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 9 (2013)

Heliports

Pipelines: 641 km gas, 22 km liquid petroleum gas, 1370 km oil (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 71,300 km (2005)
Paved: 6,200 km (2005)
Unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 34
By type: general cargo 2, oil tanker 4, other 28 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla


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Disputes international: Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 113,869 (Somalia), 17,306 (Ethiopia) (2021)
IDPs: 4,002,012 (conflict in Sa'ada Governorate; clashes between al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula and government forces) (2020)

Illicit drugs