Map of Australia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 27 00 S, 133 00 E

Map reference: Oceania

Area
Total: 7,741,220 km²
Land: 7,682,300 km²
Water: 58,920 km²
Note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Comparative: slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states

Land boundaries
Total: 0 km

Coastline: 25,760 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north

Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast

Elevation
Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,228 m
Lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
Mean elevation: 330 m

Natural resources: alumina, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, opals, natural gas, petroleum; note - Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports; as well, Australia is by far the world's largest supplier of opals

Land use
Agricultural land: 46.65% (2018 est.)
Forest: 17.42% (2018 est.)
Other: 33.42% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 15,210 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: River Murray - 2,508 km; Darling River - 1,545 km; Murrumbidgee River - 1,485 km; Lachlan River - 1,339 km; Cooper Creek - 1,113 km; Flinders River - 1,004 km

Major watersheds area km²: Indian Ocean drainage: (Great Australian Bight) Murray-Darling (1,050,116 km²)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Eyre (1,212,198 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 3.392 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 2.662 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 10.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 492 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires

Geography


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Population
Distribution: population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the States and Territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback", has a very sparse population: 26,141,369 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 1.25% (2022 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Australian(s)
Adjective: Australian

Ethnic groups: English 33%, Australian 29.9%, Irish 9.5%, Scottish 8.6%, Chinese 5.5%, Italian 4.4%, German 4%, Indian 3.1%, Australian Aboriginal 2.9%, Greek 1.7%, unspecified 4.7%

Languages: English 72%, Mandarin 2.7%, Arabic 1.4%, Vietnamese 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, other 15.7%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent language spoken at home

Religions: Protestant 23.1% (Anglican 13.3%, Uniting Church 3.7%, Presbyterian and Reformed 2.3%, Baptist 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.1%, Lutheran .7%, other Protestant 0.5%), Roman Catholic 22.6%, other Christian 4.2%, Muslim 2.6%, Buddhist 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3% (Eastern Orthodox 2.1%, Oriental Orthodox 0.2%), Hindu 1.9%, other 1.3%, none 30.1%, unspecified 9.6% (2016 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 18.72% (male 2,457,418/female 2,309,706)
15-24 years: 12.89% (male 1,710,253/female 1,572,794)
25-54 years: 41.15% (male 5,224,840/female 5,255,041)
55-64 years: 11.35% (male 1,395,844/female 1,495,806)
65 years and over: 15.88% (male 1,866,761/female 2,177,996) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 53.7
Youth dependency ratio: 28.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.5
Potential support ratio: 3.9 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 37.5 years
Male: 36.5 years
Female: 38.5 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.25% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 12.3 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 6.77 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 6.93 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the States and Territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback", has a very sparse population

Urbanization
Urban population: 86.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island

Major urban areas
Population: 5.235 million Melbourne, 5.121 million Sydney, 2.505 million Brisbane, 2.118 million Perth, 1.367 million Adelaide, 472,000 CANBERRA (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; limited natural freshwater resources; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; drought, desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; disruption of the fragile ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; overfishing, pollution, and invasive species are also problems
International agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 7.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 375.91 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 105.01 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.7 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.01 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 3.24 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 2.76 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 83.09 years
Male: 80.93 years
Female: 85.36 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.73 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 66.9% (2015/16)
Note: percent of women aged 18-44

Drinking water source
Improved:
Unimproved:

Current health expenditure: 9.9% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 4.13 physicians/1000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density: 3.8 beds/1000 population (2016)

Sanitation facility access
Improved:
Unimproved:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2021 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 29% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 9.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.71 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 3.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 13.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 15.6% (2020 est.)
Female: 11.5% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 6.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 21 years
Male: 20 years
Female: 22 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 11.3%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 12.6%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 9.8% (2021 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
Conventional short form: Australia
Etymology: the name Australia derives from the Latin "australis" meaning "southern"; the Australian landmass was long referred to as "Terra Australis" or the Southern Land

Government type: federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

Capital
Name: Canberra
Geographic coordinates: 35 16 S, 149 08 E
Time difference: UTC+10 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April
Timezone note: Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)
Etymology: the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area "Nganbra" or "Nganbira"

Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Dependent areas: (6) Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island

Independence: 1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies)

National holiday: Australia Day (commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers), 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorates the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)

Constitution
History: approved in a series of referenda from 1898 through 1900 and became law 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage requires approval of a referendum bill by absolute majority vote in both houses of Parliament, approval in a referendum by a majority of voters in at least four states and in the territories, and Royal Assent; proposals that would reduce a state’s representation in either house or change a state’s boundaries require that state’s approval prior to Royal Assent; amended several times, last in 1977

Legal system: common law system based on the English model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch
Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Anthony ALBANESE (since 23 May 2022)
Cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general
Elections and appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of:
Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the 6 states and 2 each from the 2 mainland territories; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of state membership renewed every 3 years and territory membership renewed every 3 years)
House of Representatives (151 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority preferential vote; members serve terms of up to 3 years)
Elections: 
Senate - last held on 21 May 2022 (next to be held on May 2025)
House of Representatives - last held on 21 May 2022 (next to be held on May 2025)
Election results: 
Senate (initial results) - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National coalition 32.13%, ALP 29.81%, The Greens 13.85%, One Nation 4.38%, Lambie Network .26%; seats by party - Liberal/National coalition 29, ALP 21, The Greens 9, One Nation 1, Lambie Network 1, undecided 14
House of Representatives (initial results) - percent of vote by party - ALP 32.83%, Liberal/National coalition 35.77%, The Greens 11.85%, Katter's Australian Party 0.4%, Centre Alliance 0.24%, independents 5.52%; seats by party - ALP 76, Liberal/National Coalition 57, The Greens 4, Katter's Australian Party 1, Centre Alliance 1, independent 10, undecided 2

Judicial branch
Highest courts: High Court of Australia (consists of 7 justices, including the chief justice); note - each of the 6 states, 2 territories, and Norfolk Island has a Supreme Court; the High Court is the final appellate court beyond the state and territory supreme courts
Judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: subordinate courts: at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts - Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court - Victoria; Family Court - Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions - Norfolk Island  

Political parties and leaders: Australian Greens Party or The Greens [Adam BANDT]
Australian Labor Party or ALP [Anthony ALBANESE]
Liberal Party of Australia [Peter DUTTON]
The Nationals [David LITTLEPROUD]
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation or PHON or ONP [Pauline HANSON]

International organization participation: ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), Quad, SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Arthur SINODINOS
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Caroline KENNEDY (since 25 July 2022)
From the us embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory 2,600
From the us mailing address: 7,800 Canberra Place, Washington DC 20,512-7,800
From the us telephone: [61] (02) 6,214-5,600
From the us FAX: [61] (02) 9,373-9,184
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small, five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars

National symbols: Commonwealth Star (seven-pointed Star of Federation), golden wattle tree (Acacia pycnantha Benth), kangaroo, emu; national colors: green, gold

National anthem
Name: Advance Australia Fair
Lyrics and music: Peter Dodds McCORMICK

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 20 (4 cultural, 12 natural, 4 mixed); note - includes one site on Heard Island and McDonald Islands


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 56.9% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 18.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 24.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -21% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 3.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 25.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 71.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sugar cane, wheat, barley, milk, rapeseed, beef, cotton, grapes, poultry, potatoes

Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel

Industrial production growth rate: 1.4% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 12.568 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 3.6%
By occupation industry: 21.1%
By occupation services: 75.3% (2009 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 11.3%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 12.6%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 9.8% (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income:

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2%
Highest 10: 25.4% (1994)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $490 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $496.9 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 35.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Partners: China 39%, Japan 15%, South Korea 7%, India 5% (2019)
Commodities: iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, aluminum oxide (2019)

Imports:
Partners: China 25%, United States 12%, Japan 7%, Germany 5%, Thailand 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 82.517 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 237,388,272,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 12,607,778,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 75.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 8.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 8.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 504.051 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 99.048 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 390.808 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 583,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 149.079 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 442,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 1,174,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 197,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 356,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 2.446 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 462,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 64,120 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 619,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 142,104,321,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Consumption: 41,905,381,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Exports: 101,766,728,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Imports: 6,295,646,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 3,228,115,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 417.87 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 162.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 158.668 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 96.942 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 241.004 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 6.2 million (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 27.453 million (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 108 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) runs multiple national and local radio networks and TV stations, as well as ABC Australia, a TV service that broadcasts in the Asia-Pacific region and is the main public broadcaster; Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), a second large public broadcaster, operates radio and TV networks broadcasting in multiple languages; several large national commercial TV networks, a large number of local commercial TV stations, and hundreds of commercial radio stations are accessible; cable and satellite systems are available (2022)

Internet
Country code: .au
Users total: 23,123,940 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 90% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 9,099,619 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force (2022)

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription (abolished 1973); women allowed to serve in all roles, including combat arms, since 2013 (2022)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 583
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 75,667,645 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,027,640,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: VH

Airports
Total: 418 (2021)
With paved runways total: 349
With paved runways over 3047 m: 11
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 14
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 155
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 155
With paved runways under 914 m: 14 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 131
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 16
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 101
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 14 (2021)

Heliports: 1 (2021)

Pipelines: 637 km condensate/gas, 30,054 km gas, 240 km liquid petroleum gas, 3,609 km oil, 110 km oil/gas/water, 72 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 33,011 km (2015)
Standard gauge: 17,446 km (2015) 1.435-m gauge (650 km electrified)
Narrowgauge: 12,318 km (2015) 1.067-m gauge (2,075.5 km electrified)
Broadgauge: 3,247 km (2015) 1.600-m gauge (372 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 873,573 km (2015)
Urban: 145,928 km (2015)
Non-urban: 727,645 km (2015)

Waterways: 2,000 km (2011) (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling River systems)

Merchant marine
Total: 581
By type: bulk carrier 2, general cargo 76, oil tanker 7, other 496 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: 
Indian Ocean: Adelaide, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Melbourne
Pacific Ocean: Brisbane, Cairns, Gladstone, Hobart, Newcastle, Port Port Kembla, Sydney
Container ports teus: Melbourne (2,967,315), Sydney (2,572,714) (2019)
Lng terminals export: Australia Pacific, Barrow Island, Burrup (Pluto), Curtis Island, Darwin, Karratha, Bladin Point (Ichthys), Gladstone, Prelude (offshore FLNG), Wheatstone
Drybulkcargoport(s): Dampier (iron ore), Dalrymple Bay (coal), Hay Point (coal), Port Hedland (iron ore), Port Walcott (iron ore)


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Disputes international:

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 12,701 (Iran), 10,108 (Afghanistan), 5,400 (Pakistan) (mid-year 2021)
Stateless persons: 5,770 (mid-year 2021)

Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines