Map of Finland | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy.


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Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Geographic coordinates: 64 00 N, 26 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 338,145 km²
Land: 303,815 km²
Water: 34,330 km²
Comparative: slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries
Total: 2,563 km
Border countries: (3) Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km

Coastline: 1,250 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia

Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Elevation
Highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m
Lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 164 m

Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Land use
Agricultural land: 7.5% (2018 est.)
Forest: 72.9% (2018 est.)
Other: 19.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 80 km² (2015)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 400 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 1.417 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 110 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: severe winters in the north

Geography
Note: long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain


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Population
Distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated: 5,601,547 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 0.24% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 12.2% (2019 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Finn(s)
Adjective: Finnish

Ethnic groups: Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
Note: 91.5% of the population has a Finnish background

Languages: Finnish (official) 86.5%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.6%, other 6.7% (2021 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Lutheran 66.6%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, none 30.6% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.41% (male 467,220/female 447,005)
15-24 years: 10.95% (male 312,179/female 297,717)
25-54 years: 37.37% (male 1,064,326/female 1,017,545)
55-64 years: 13.02% (male 357,687/female 367,610)
65 years and over: 22.26% (male 543,331/female 697,045) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 62.1
Youth dependency ratio: 25
Elderly dependency ratio: 37.1
Potential support ratio: 2.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.8 years
Male: 41.3 years
Female: 44.4 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.24% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 10.42 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 10.35 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 2.35 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 5.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 45.87 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 4.46 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29.5 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.13 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 2.31 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 1.94 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 81.76 years
Male: 78.86 years
Female: 84.79 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.74 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 85.5% (2015)
Note: percent of women aged 18-49

Drinking water source
Improved:
Unimproved:

Current health expenditure: 9.2% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 4.64 physicians/1000 population (2018)

Hospital bed density: 3.6 beds/1000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved:
Unimproved:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: NA

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.2% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 21.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 26.9% (2020 est.)
Female: 16.3% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 19 years
Male: 18 years
Female: 20 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 17.1%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 17.8%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 16.4% (2021 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Finland
Conventional short form: Finland
Local long form: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
Local short form: Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
Etymology: name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Helsinki
Geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish helsing, an archaic name for "neck" (hals), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; fors refers to "rapids," so helsing fors meaning becomes "the narrows' rapids"

Administrative divisions: 19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Dependent areas

Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Russia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Constitution
History: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000
Amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2018

Legal system: civil law system based on the Swedish model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)
Head of government: Prime Minister Sanna MARIN (since 10 December 2019)
Cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2024); prime minister appointed by Parliament
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 20%, PS 19.5%, Kok 19.0%. Center Party 15.5%, Vihr 10%, Vas 8%, SFP 4.5%, KD 2.5%, Aland 0.5%; other 0.5%; seats by party/coalition - SDP 40, PS 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Vihr 20, Vas 16, SFP 9, KD 5; Aland 1; other 1; composition men 109, women 91, percent of women 45.5%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
Subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights

Political parties and leaders: Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)
Center Party or Kesk [Annika SAARIKKO]
Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH]
Finns Party or PS [Riikka PURRA]
Green League or Vihr [Maria OHISALO]
Left Alliance or Vas [Li ANDERSSON]
National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Sanna MARIN]
Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP [Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Mikko Tapani HAUTALA (since 17 September 2020)
In the us chancery: 3,301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 298-5,800
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 298-6,030
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas HICKEY (since 11 May 2022)
From the us embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki
From the us mailing address: 5,310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,310
From the us telephone: [358] (9) 616-250
From the us FAX: [358] (9) 174-681
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter

National symbols: lion; national colors: blue, white

National anthem
Name: "Maamme" (Our Land)
Lyrics and music: Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
Note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 54.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 22.9% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -38.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 69.1% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, rye, pork, poultry, beef

Industries: metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Industrial production growth rate: 6.2% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 2.52 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 4%
By occupation industry: 20.7%
By occupation services: 75.3% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 17.1%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 17.8%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 16.4% (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line: 12.2% (2019 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income:

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 6.7%
Highest 10: 45.2% (2013)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $134.2 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $135.6 billion (2017 est.)
Note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting
Surplus or deficit: $-0.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 53.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Germany 14%, Sweden 10%, United States 8%, Netherlands 6%, China 6%, Russia 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, paper and wood pulp products, cars, stainless steel, lumber (2019)

Imports:
Partners: Germany 16%, Sweden 14%, Russia 13%, China 6%, Netherlands 6% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 20.418 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 79.356 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Exports: $6.666 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 21.615 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 2.574 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 13.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 33.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 11.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 23.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 17.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 762,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 3.552 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 101,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 2.661 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 8,300 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 207,400 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 232,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 310,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 166,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 122,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 2.393 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Exports: 181.143 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Imports: 2.569 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 41.996 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 9.377 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 27.737 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 4.882 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 216.571 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 225,000 (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 7.12 million (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: a mix of 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are broadcast digitally; Internet television, such as Netflix and others, is available; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters and access to Internet radio

Internet
Country code: .fi
Users total: 5,087,180 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 92% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1.846 million (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat); Ministry of the Interior: Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) (2022)
Note: the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime

Military service age and obligation: at age 18, all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard (length of service depends on the type of duty), and women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2022)
Note2: Finland has had conscription since 1951

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 77
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 13,364,839 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 957.64 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OH

Airports
Total: 148 (2021)
With paved runways total: 74
With paved runways over 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 26
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 10
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 21
With paved runways under 914 m: 14 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 74
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 71 (2021)

Heliports

Pipelines: 1,288 km gas transmission pipes, 1,976 km distribution pipes (2016)

Railways
Total: 5,926 km (2016)
Broadgauge: 5,926 km (2016) 1.524-m gauge (3,270 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 454,000 km (2012)
Highways: 78,000 km (2012) (50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved)
Private and forest roads: 350,000 km (2012)
Urban: 26,000 km (2012)

Waterways: 8,000 km (2013) (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways

Merchant marine
Total: 272
By type: bulk carrier 9, container ship 1, general cargo 74, oil tanker 4, other 184 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma
Lng terminals import: Pori, Tornio Manga, Hamina


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Disputes international: various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 9,053 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 47,067 (Ukraine) (as of 20 December 2022)
Stateless persons: 3,416 (mid-year 2021)

Illicit drugs