Map of Thailand | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Two unified Thai kingdoms emerged in the mid-13th century. The Sukhothai, located in the south-central plains, gained its independence from the Khmer Empire to the east. By the late 13th century, Sukhothai’s territory extended into present-day Burma and Laos. Sukhotai lasted until the mid-15th century. The Thai Lan Na Kingdom was established in the north with its capital at Chang Mai. Lan Na was conquered by the Burmese in the 16th century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th-18th centuries) succeeded the Sukhothai and would become known as the Siamese Kingdom. During the Ayutthaya period, the Thai/Siamese peoples consolidated their hold on what is present-day central and north-central Thailand. Following a military defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1767, the Siamese Kingdom rose to new heights under the military ruler TAKSIN, who defeated the Burmese occupiers and expanded the kingdom’s territory into modern-day northern Thailand (formerly the Lan Na Kingdom), Cambodia, Laos, and the Malay Peninsula. The kingdom fought off additional Burmese invasions and raids in the late 1700s and early 1800s. In the mid-1800s, Western pressure led to Siam signing trade treaties that reduced the country’s sovereignty and independence. In the 1890s and 1900s, the British and French forced the kingdom to cede Cambodian, Laotian, and Malay territories that had been under Siamese control.


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Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 100 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 513,120 km²
Land: 510,890 km²
Water: 2,230 km²
Comparative: about three times the size of Florida; slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries
Total: 5,673 km
Border countries: (4) Burma 2,416 km; Cambodia 817 km; Laos 1,845 km; Malaysia 595 km

Coastline: 3,219 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Terrain: central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere

Elevation
Highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,565 m
Lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
Mean elevation: 287 m

Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 41.2% (2018 est.)
Forest: 37.2% (2018 est.)
Other: 21.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 64,150 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Mekong (shared with China [s], Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km; Salween (shared with China [s] and Burma [m]) - 3,060 km; Mun - 1,162 km


Major watersheds area km²: Indian Ocean drainage: Salween (271,914 km²)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 2.739 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 2.777 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 51.79 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 438.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts

Geography
Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore; ideas for the construction of a canal across the Kra Isthmus that would create a bypass to the Strait of Malacca and shorten shipping times around Asia continue to be discussed


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Population
Distribution: highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters found througout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country: 69,648,117 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 0.23% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 9.9% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Thai (singular and plural)
Adjective: Thai

Ethnic groups: Thai 97.5%, Burmese 1.3%, other 1.1%, unspecified <0.1% (2015 est.)
Note: data represent population by nationality

Languages: Thai (official) only 90.7%, Thai and other languages 6.4%, only other languages 2.9% (includes Malay, Burmese); note - data represent population by language(s) spoken at home; English is a secondary language of the elite (2010 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Buddhist 94.6%, Muslim 4.3%, Christian 1%, other <0.1%, none <0.1% (2015 est.)

Demographic profile: Thailand has experienced a substantial fertility decline since the 1960s largely due to the nationwide success of its voluntary family planning program. In just one generation, the total fertility rate (TFR) shrank from 6.5 children per woman in 1960s to below the replacement level of 2.1 in the late 1980s. Reduced fertility occurred among all segments of the Thai population, despite disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income, education, and access to public services. The country’s “reproductive revolution” gained momentum in the 1970s as a result of the government’s launch of an official population policy to reduce population growth, the introduction of new forms of birth control, and the assistance of foreign non-government organizations. Contraceptive use rapidly increased as new ways were developed to deliver family planning services to Thailand’s then overwhelmingly rural population. The contraceptive prevalence rate increased from just 14% in 1970 to 58% in 1981 and has remained about 80% since 2000. 

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.45% (male 5,812,803/female 5,533,772)
15-24 years: 13.02% (male 4,581,622/female 4,400,997)
25-54 years: 45.69% (male 15,643,583/female 15,875,353)
55-64 years: 13.01% (male 4,200,077/female 4,774,801)
65 years and over: 11.82% (male 3,553,273/female 4,601,119) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 43.5
Youth dependency ratio: 22.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 18.4
Potential support ratio: 4.8 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 39 years
Male: 37.8 years
Female: 40.1 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.23% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 10.14 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 7.76 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.13 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters found througout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country

Urbanization
Urban population: 53.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 11.070 million BANGKOK (capital), 1.454 Chon Buri, 1.359 million Samut Prakan, 1.213 million Chiang Mai, 1.005 million Songkla, 1.001 million Nothaburi (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; water scarcity; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting; hazardous waste disposal
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 26.23 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 283.76 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 86.98 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 23.3 years (2009 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 37 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 6.47 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 7.09 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 5.81 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.66 years
Male: 74.65 years
Female: 80.83 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.54 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 73% (2019)

Drinking water source
Improved:
Unimproved:

Current health expenditure: 3.8% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 0.95 physicians/1000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access
Improved:
Unimproved:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 1% (2021 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vector borne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 10% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 6.86 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 1.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 4.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 22.1% (2020 est.)
Male: 41.3% (2020 est.)
Female: 2.9% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 7.7% (2019)

Education expenditures: 3.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 93.8%
Male: 95.2%
Female: 92.4% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 16 years (2016)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 5.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 4.6%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 5.9% (2020 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand
Conventional short form: Thailand
Local long form: Ratcha Anachak Thai
Local short form: Prathet Thai
Former: Siam
Etymology: Land of the Tai [People]"; the meaning of "tai" is uncertain, but may originally have meant "human beings," "people," or "free people

Government type: constitutional monarchy

Capital
Name: Bangkok
Geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology:

Administrative divisions: 76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (maha nakhon); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buri Ram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep* (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Saraburi, Satun, Sing Buri, Si Sa Ket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

Dependent areas

Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

National holiday: Birthday of King WACHIRALONGKON, 28 July (1952)

Constitution
History: many previous; latest drafted and presented 29 March 2016, approved by referendum 7 August 2016, signed into law by the king on 6 April 2017
Amendments: amendments require a majority vote in a joint session of the House and Senate and further require at least one fifth of opposition House members and one third of the Senate vote in favor; a national referendum is additionally required for certain amendments; all amendments require signature by the king; Thailand's 2017 constitution was amended in November 2021 to increase the number of constituency members of parliament (MPs) from 350 to 400, reduce the number of party-list MPs from 150 to 100, and change the election to a two-ballot system

Legal system: civil law system with common law influences

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Thailand
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch
Chief of state: King WACHIRALONGKON, also spelled Vajiralongkorn (since 1 December 2016)
Head of government: Prime Minister PRAYUT Chan-ocha (since July 2019)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the king; a Privy Council advises the king
Elections and appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; the House of Representatives and Senate approves a person for prime minister who must then be appointed by the King (as stated in the transitory provision of the 2017 constitution); the office of prime minister can be held for up to a total of 8 years

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral National Assembly or Ratthasapha consists of:
Senate or Wuthisapha (250 seats; members appointed by the Royal Thai Army to serve 5-year terms)
House of Representatives or Saphaphuthan Ratsadon (500 seats; 375 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 150 members elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections:
Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (248 members as of mid-2022) - men 222, women 26, percent of women 10.5%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party in 2019 election- PPRP 23.7%, PTP 22.2%, FFP* 17.8%, DP 11.1%, PJT 10.5%, TLP 2.3%, CTP 2.2%, NEP 1.4%, PCC 1.4%, ACT 1.2%, PCP 1.2%, other 5.1%; seats by party - PTP 136, PPRP 116, FFP 81, DP 53, PJT 51, CTP 10, TLP 10, PCC 7, PCP 5, NEP 6, ACT 5, other 20; composition (489 members as of mid-2022) - men 412, women 77, percent of women 15.8%; note(s) - total National Assembly percent of women 14%; the FFP was dissolved by the Constitutional Court in February of 2020 and its representatives moved to the newly-formed Move Forward Party or to other political parties

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president, 6 vice presidents, 60-70 judges, and organized into 10 divisions); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 8 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (number of judges determined by Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice and approved by the monarch; judge term determined by the monarch; Constitutional Court justices - 3 judges drawn from the Supreme Court, 2 judges drawn from the Administrative Court, and 4 judge candidates selected by the Selective Committee for Judges of the Constitutional Court, and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed by the monarch serve single 9-year terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the Judicial Commission of the Administrative Courts and appointed by the monarch; judges serve for life
Subordinate courts: courts of first instance and appeals courts within both the judicial and administrative systems; military courts

Political parties and leaders: Action Coalition of Thailand Party or ACT [ANEK Laothamatas]
Bhumjaithai Party (aka Phumchai Thai Party or PJT; aka Thai Pride Party) or BJT [ANUTIN Charnvirakul]
Chat Phatthana Party (National Development Party) [THEWAN Liptaphanlop]
Chat Thai Phatthana Party (Thai Nation Development Party) or CTP [VARAWUT Silpa-archa]
New Economics Party or NEP [MINGKHWAN Sangsuwan]
Move Forward Party or MFP [PHITHA Limcharoenrat] (formed in 2020 from the disbanded Future Forward Party or FPP) 
Palang Pracharat Party (People's State Power Party) or PPRP [PRAWIT Wongsuwan] (a pro-military party formed in 2018 by members of the military junta’s cabinet) 
Prachachat Party of PCC [WAN Muhamad NOOR Matha]
Prachathipat Party (Democrat Party) or DP [JURIN Laksanawisit]
Puea Chat Party (For Nation Party) or PCP [SARUNWUT Sarunket]
Puea Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP [CHONLANON Sikaew]
Puea Tham Party (For Dharma Party) [NALINI Thawisin]
Seri Ruam Thai Party (Thai Liberal Party or TLP) [SERIPHISUT Temiyawet]
Thai Civilized Party or TCL [MONGKOLKIT Suksintharanon]
Thai Local Power Party or TLP [CHATCHAWAI Kong-udom]
Thai People Power Party or TLPT [NIKHOM Bunwiset]
Thai Raksa Chat Party (Thai National Preservation Party) [PRICHAPHON Phongpanit]

International organization participation: ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador MANATSAWI Sisodaphon (since 17 February 2021)
In the us chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 944-3,600
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 944-3,611
In the us email address and website: 
[link]
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Robert F. GODEC (since 7 October 2022)
From the us embassy: 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok 10,330
From the us mailing address: 7,200 Bangkok Place, Washington DC 20,521-7,200
From the us telephone: [66] 2-205-4,000
From the us FAX: [66] 2-205-4,103
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life, white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism, and blue stands for the monarchy
Note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed

National symbols: garuda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant; national colors: red, white, blue

National anthem
Name: "Phleng Chat Thai" (National Anthem of Thailand)
Lyrics and music: Luang SARANUPRAPAN/Phra JENDURIYANG
Note: music adopted 1932, lyrics adopted 1939; by law, people are required to stand for the national anthem at 0800 and 1800 every day; the anthem is played in schools, offices, theaters, and on television and radio during this time; "Phleng Sanlasoen Phra Barami" (A Salute to the Monarch) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 6 (3 cultural, 3 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 48.8% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 16.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.4% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 68.2% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -54.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 8.2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 36.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 55.6% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sugar cane, cassava, rice, oil palm fruit, rubber, maize, tropical fruit, poultry, pineapples, mangoes/guavas

Industries: tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, agricultural machinery, air conditioning and refrigeration, ceramics, aluminum, chemical, environmental management, glass, granite and marble, leather, machinery and metal work, petrochemical, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, printing, pulp and paper, rubber, sugar, rice, fishing, cassava, world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer

Industrial production growth rate: 1.6% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 37.546 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 31.8%
By occupation industry: 16.7%
By occupation services: 51.5% (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 5.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 4.6%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 5.9% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 9.9% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income:

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.8%
Highest 10: 31.5% (2009 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $69.23 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $85.12 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-3.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 15.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: United States 13%, China 12%, Japan 10%, Vietnam 5% (2019)
Commodities: office machinery/parts, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, delivery trucks, gold (2019)

Imports:
Partners: China 22%, Japan 14%, United States 7%, Malaysia 6% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, integrated circuits, natural gas, vehicle parts, gold (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 53.13 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 190,569,262,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 2,617,583,000 kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 29,550,571,000 kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 13.286 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 83.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 2.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 1.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 9.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 13.251 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 35.761 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 63,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 23.899 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.063 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 438,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 1,284,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 28,600 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 979,800 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 252.8 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 1.328 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 278,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 134,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 38,420,517,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 54,802,466,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 14,944,842,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 138.243 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 305.273 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 58.78 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 146.172 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 100.321 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 76.714 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 5.003 million (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 129.614 million (2019)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 186.16 (2019)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 26 digital TV stations in Bangkok broadcast nationally, 6 terrestrial TV stations in Bangkok broadcast nationally via relay stations - 2 of the stations are owned by the military, the other 4 are government-owned or controlled, leased to private enterprise, and all are required to broadcast government-produced news programs twice a day; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services are available; radio frequencies have been allotted for more than 500 government and commercial radio stations; many small community radio stations operate with low-power transmitters (2017)

Internet
Country code: .th
Users total: 54,443,983 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 78% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 11,478,265 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Royal Thai Armed Forces (Kongthap Thai, RTARF): Royal Thai Army (Kongthap Bok Thai, RTA), Royal Thai Navy (Kongthap Ruea Thai, RTN; includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (Kongthap Akaat Thai, RTAF); Office of the Prime Minister: Royal Thai Police; Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC) (2022)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 21 years of age for compulsory military service for men; men register at 18 years of age; volunteer service obligation may be as short as 6 or 12 months, depending on educational qualifications; conscript service obligation also varies by educational qualifications, but is typically 24 months (2022)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 15 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 283
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 76,053,042 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,666,260,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: HS

Airports
Total: 101 (2021)
With paved runways total: 63
With paved runways over 3047 m: 8
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 12
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 23
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 14
With paved runways under 914 m: 6 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 38
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 26 (2021)

Heliports: 7 (2021)

Pipelines: 2 km condensate, 5,900 km gas, 85 km liquid petroleum gas, 1 km oil, 1,097 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 4,127 km (2017)
Standard gauge: 84 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (84 km electrified)
Narrowgauge: 4,043 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge

Roadways
Total: 180,053 km (2006) (includes 450 km of expressways)

Waterways: 4,000 km (2011) (3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m)

Merchant marine
Total: 839
By type: bulk carrier 26, container ship 27, general cargo 94, oil tanker 251, other 441 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Map Ta Phut, Prachuap Port, Si Racha
Container ports teus: Laem Chabang (8,106,928) (2019)
Lng terminals import: Map Ta Phut


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Disputes international: Thailand-Burma: in 2016, Thailand expressed its interest in investing in Burma’s Hatgyi Dam project on the Salween River near the Thai-Burma border; the dam has the potential to supply electricity and water during the drought season; approximately 100,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval, and economic stagnation in Burma live in nine remote camps in Thailand near the border

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 91,349 (Burma) (2022)
IDPs: 41,000 (2021)
Stateless persons: 554,103 (mid-year 2021) (estimate represents stateless persons registered with the Thai Government; actual number may be as high as 3.5 million); note - about half of Thailand's northern hill tribe people do not have citizenship and make up the bulk of Thailand's stateless population; most lack documentation showing they or one of their parents were born in Thailand; children born to Burmese refugees are not eligible for Burmese or Thai citizenship and are stateless; most Chao Lay, maritime nomadic peoples, who travel from island to island in the Andaman Sea west of Thailand are also stateless; stateless Rohingya refugees from Burma are considered illegal migrants by Thai authorities and are detained in inhumane conditions or expelled; stateless persons are denied access to voting, property, education, employment, healthcare, and driving
Note: Thai nationality was granted to more than 23,000 stateless persons between 2012 and 2016 and more than 18,000 between 2018 and 2021; in 2016, the Government of Thailand approved changes to its citizenship laws that could make 80,000 stateless persons eligible for citizenship, as part of its effort to achieve zero statelessness by 2024 (2021)

Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium, heroin, and cannabis products; major part of the illegal drug market for the Southeast Asia region and the interconnected markets in East Asia and Oceania; transit point for illicit heroin en route to the international drug market from Burma and Laos; “Yaba,” a tablet containing methamphetamine, caffeine, and other stimulants, is the most widely abused drug in Thailand