Map of Turkey | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

top of page


Background: Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. An unsuccessful coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces.


top of page


Location: Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Geographic coordinates: 39 00 N, 35 00 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 783,562 km²
Land: 769,632 km²
Water: 13,930 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 2,816 km
Border countries: (8) Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km

Coastline: 7,200 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea
Exclusive economic zone:

Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Terrain: high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges

Elevation
Highest point: Mount Ararat 5,137 m
Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 1,132 m

Natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 49.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 14.9% (2018 est.)
Other: 35.4% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 52,150 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km


Major watersheds area km²: Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 6.016 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 2.898 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 50.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 211.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding

Geography
Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country


top of page


Population
Distribution: the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast: 83,047,706 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 0.67% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 14.4% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Turk(s)
Adjective: Turkish

Ethnic groups: Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)

Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 23.41% (male 9,823,553/female 9,378,767)
15-24 years: 15.67% (male 6,564,263/female 6,286,615)
25-54 years: 43.31% (male 17,987,103/female 17,536,957)
55-64 years: 9.25% (male 3,764,878/female 3,822,946)
65 years and over: 8.35% (male 3,070,258/female 3,782,174) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.1
Youth dependency ratio: 34.5
Elderly dependency ratio: 12.3
Potential support ratio: 8.1 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 32.2 years
Male: 31.7 years
Female: 32.8 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.67% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 14.28 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.54 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast

Urbanization
Urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)

Environment
Current issues: water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic; conservation of biodiversity
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 41.97 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 372.72 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 57.53 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.6 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 19.35 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 21.01 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 17.61 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.21 years
Male: 73.84 years
Female: 78.7 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.93 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 69.8% (2018)

Drinking water source
Improved:
Unimproved:

Current health expenditure: 4.3% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 1.93 physicians/1000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density: 2.9 beds/1000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved:
Unimproved:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: NA

Major infectious diseases
Note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Turkey; as of 9 December 2022, Turkey has reported a total of 16,919,638 cases of COVID-19 or 20,061.4 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 101,203 cumulative deaths or a rate of 120 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 22 November 2022, 67.89% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 32.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 30.7% (2020 est.)
Male: 42.1% (2020 est.)
Female: 19.2% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.5% (2018/19)

Education expenditures: 3.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 96.7%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 94.4% (2019)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 18 years
Male: 19 years
Female: 18 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 25.1%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 22.5%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 29.9% (2020 est.)


top of page


Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
Conventional short form: Turkey
Local long form: Turkey Cumhuriyeti
Local short form: Turkey
Etymology: the name means "Land of the Turks"
Note: Turkiye is an approved English short-form name for Turkey

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Ankara
Geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: Ankara has been linked with a second millennium B.C. Hittite cult center of Ankuwash, although this connection is uncertain; in classical and medieval times, the city was known as Ankyra (meaning "anchor" in Greek and reflecting the city's position as a junction for multiple trade and military routes); by about the 13th century the city began to be referred to as Angora; following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the city's name became Ankara

Administrative divisions: 81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Dependent areas

Independence: 29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)

National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October (1923)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982
Amendments: proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended several times, last in 2017

Legal system: civil law system based on various European legal systems, notably the Swiss civil code

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey
Dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from the government
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 June 2018 (next scheduled for June 2023)
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkey Buyuk Millet Meclisi (600 seats - increased from 550 seats beginning with June 2018 election; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms - increased from 4 to 5 years beginning with June 2018 election)
Elections: last held on 24 June 2018 (next to be held in June 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party - People's Alliance 53.7% (AKP 42.6%, MHP 11.1%), Nation Alliance 33.9% (CHP 22.6%, IYI 10%, SP 1.3%), HDP 11.7%, other 0.7%; seats by party - People's Alliance 344 (AKP 295, MHP 49), National Alliance 189 (CHP 146, IYI 43), HDP 67; note - only parties surpassing a 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats; composition as of mid-2022 (582 members) - men 481, women 101, percent of women 17.4%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative - each with a division head and at least 5 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
Subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit; note - a constitutional amendment in 2017 abolished military courts unless established to investigate military personnel actions during war conditions

Political parties and leaders: Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA [Ali BABACAN]
Democrat Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL]
Democratic Regions Party or DBP [Saliha AYDENIZ, Keskin BAYINDIR]
Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP [Temel KARAMOLLAOGLU]
Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR [Zekeriya YAPICIOGLU]
Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP [Ahmet DAVUTOGLU]
Good Party (IYI Party) [Meral AKSENER]
Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI]
Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]
Nation Alliance (electoral alliance includes CHP, IYI, SP, DP)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]
Patriotic Party (Vatan Partisi) or VP [Dogu PERINCEK]
People's Alliance (electoral alliance AKP, MHP, BBP)
Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP [Pervin BULDAN, Mithat SANCAR]
Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Hasan MURAT MERCAN (since 20 April 2021)
In the us chancery: 2,525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 612-6,700; [1] (202) 612-6,701
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 612-6,744
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey Lane FLAKE (since 26 January 2022)
From the us embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 6,100 Ankara
From the us mailing address: 7,000 Ankara Place, Washington DC 20,512-7,000
From the us telephone: [90] (312) 455-5,555
From the us FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors

National symbols: vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March)
Lyrics and music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
Note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 19 (17 cultural, 2 mixed)
Selected world heritage site locales:


top of page


Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 59.1% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 14.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 29.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 24.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -29.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 6.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 32.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 60.7% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, wheat, sugar beet, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, grapes, watermelons, apples

Industries: textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate: 9.1% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 25.677 million (2020 est.)
Note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees
By occupation agriculture: 18.4%
By occupation industry: 26.6%
By occupation services: 54.9% (2016)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 25.1%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 22.5%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 29.9% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 14.4% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income:

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.1%
Highest 10: 30.3% (2008)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $172.8 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $185.8 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 20.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Germany 9%, United Kingdom 6%, Iraq 5%, Italy 5%, United States 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, jewelry, clothing and apparel (2019)

Imports:
Partners: Germany 11%, China 9%, Russia 9%, United States 5%, Italy 5% (2019)
Commodities: gold, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, scrap iron (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


top of page


Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 96.846 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 263.952 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Exports: $2.484 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 1.888 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 29.275 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 56.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 8.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 26.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 3.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 78.871 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 108.271 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 54,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 40.919 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 11.525 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 70,300 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 987,300 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 423,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 366 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 657,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 141,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 560,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 469.464 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 44,605,473,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 759.372 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Imports: 45,091,248,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 391.792 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 172.298 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 133.587 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 85.907 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 79.126 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


top of page


Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 12,448,604 (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 80,790,900 (2019)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 96.84 (2019)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and 567 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; 1,007 private radio broadcast stations

Internet
Country code: .tr
Users total: 65,784,472 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 78% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 16,734,853 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)


top of page


Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri); Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic (aka Gendarmerie General Command), Turkish Coast Guard Command, National Police (2022)
Note: the Gendarmerie (Jandarma) is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas); in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively

Military service age and obligation: mandatory military service for men, age 20-41; service can be delayed if in university or in certain professions (researchers, professionals, and athletic, or those with artistic talents have the right to postpone military service until the age of 35); 6-12 months service; women may volunteer (2022)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T.


top of page


National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 11 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 618
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,595,495 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 5,949,210,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TC

Airports
Total: 98 (2021)
With paved runways total: 91
With paved runways over 3047 m: 16
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 38
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 17
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 16
With paved runways under 914 m: 4 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 7
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 4
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 2 (2021)

Heliports: 20 (2021)

Pipelines: 14,666 km gas, 3,293 km oil (2017)

Railways
Total: 11,497 km (2018)
Standard gauge: 11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)

Roadways
Total: 67,333 km (2018)
Paved: 24,082 km (2018) (includes 2,159 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 43,251 km (2018)

Waterways: 1,200 km (2010)

Merchant marine
Total: 1,217
By type: bulk carrier 39, container ship 41, general cargo 317, oil tanker 126, other 694 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mersin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca
Container ports teus: Ambarli (3,104,882), Mersin (Icel) (1,854,312), Izmet (1,715,193) (2019)
Lng terminals import: Aliaga, Dortyol, Ekti (Izmir), Marmara Ereglisi


top of page


Disputes international: Turkey-Armenia: in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; in early 2022, the two countries held talks twice aimed at normalizing relations, which could lead to the opening of their land border, shut since 1993; in 2000, Turkish authorities complained to UNESCO that blasting from quarries in Armenia was damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 3,561,883 (Syria) (2022); 46,739 (Ukraine) (as of 20 December 2022)
IDPs: 1.099 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2021)
Stateless persons: 117 (2018)

Illicit drugs: transit country for heroin, opium, and cocaine trafficked to European markets; amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are trafficked to Middle East and Southeast Asia markets; one of the major transit routes for opiates smuggled from Afghanistan via Iran destined for Western Europe; smugglers involved in both heroin sales and transport and production and smuggling of synthetic drugs; criminal networks have interests in heroin conversion laboratories operating in Iran near the Turkish border;  hashish imported or grown domestically for local consumption