Map of Indonesia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background:


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Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 1,904,569 km²
Land: 1,811,569 km²
Water: 93,000 km²
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Country comparison total: 2,958 km
Country comparison border countries: (3) Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km

Land boundaries
Total: 2,958 km
Border countries: (3) Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm, measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 367 m

Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022

Land use
Agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 13% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 51.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 17.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 67,220 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 9.14 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 2.02 trillion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
Volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under 'Geography - note'

Geography
Note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
Note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the 'Pacific Ring of Fire'
Note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon
Note 4: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcane


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Population
Distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
Total: 281,562,465
Male: 140,800,047
Female: 140,762,418 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.73% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 9.4% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian(s)
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)
Note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia
Major-language samples: Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)
15-64 years: 68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 47.6
Youth dependency ratio: 37.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 10
Potential support ratio: 10 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 31.5 years (2024 est.)
Male: 30.8 years
Female: 32.3 years

Population growth rate: 0.73% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 14.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 58.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

Environment
Current issues: large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 19.34 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 563.32 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 244.5 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 22.4 years (2017 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 173 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 21.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 16.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 73.6 years (2024 est.)
Male: 71.3 years
Female: 76 years

Total fertility rate: 1.96 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 55.5% (2018)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 98.2% of population
Unimproved rural: 13.2% of population
Unimproved total: 6.7% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 1.8% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 97.2% of population
Improved rural: 86.5% of population
Improved total: 92.5% of population
Unimproved urban: 2.8% of population
Unimproved rural: 13.5% of population
Unimproved total: 7.5% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 6.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 37.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 71.4% (2020 est.)
Female: 3.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 17.7% (2018)

Education expenditures: 3.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 96%
Male: 97.4%
Female: 94.6% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 14 years (2018)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 14.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 13.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea
Etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, 'Indos' (India) and 'nesoi' (islands), meaning 'Indian islands'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Jakarta
Note: Indonesia has three time zones
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: 'Jakarta' derives from the Sanscrit 'Jayakarta' meaning 'victorious city' and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named 'Sunda Kelapa'

Administrative divisions: 35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**
Note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Dependent areas

Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution
History: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959
Amendments: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002

Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
Head of government: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 February 2024 (next to be held in 2,029)
Election results: 2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%; 2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%
Note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) consists of: Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)
Note: the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authority, House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (580 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms)
Elections: Regional Representative Council - last held on 14 February 2024 (next to be held in 2,029), House of Representatives - last held on 14 February 2024 (next to be held in 2,029)
Elections results: Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; composition - men 102, women 34, percentage women 25%, House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 16.7%, Golkar 15.3%, Gerindra 13.2%, PKB 10.6%, Nasdem 9.7%, PKS 8.4%, PD 7.4%, PAN 7.2%; other 11.5% (10 additional parties received votes); seats by party - PDI-P 110, Golkar 102, Gerindra 86, PKB 68, Nasdem 69, PKS 53, PD 44, PAN 48; composition - men 449, women 126, percentage women 21.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percentage women NA

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party or PD , Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR , Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA , Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P , National Awakening Party or PKB , National Democratic Party or NasDem , National Mandate Party or PAN , Prosperous Justice Party or PKS

International organization participation: ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Ida Bagus Made BIMANTARA (since 30 November 2023)
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us fax: [1] (202) 775-5,236
In the us email address and website: washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id, Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kamala Shirin LAKHDHIR (since 8 August 2024)
From the us embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10,110
From the us mailing address: 8,200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20,521-8,200
From the us telephone: [62] (21) 5,083-1000
From the us fax: [62] (21) 385-7,189
From the us email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates general: Surabaya
From the us consulates: Medan

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
Note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

National symbols: garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: 'Indonesia Raya' (Great Indonesia)
Lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
Note: adopted 1945

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: one of the fastest growing economies and largest in Southeast Asia; upper middle-income country; human capital and competitiveness phase of its 20-year development plan; COVID-19 reversed poverty reduction trajectory; strengthening financial resilience

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $3.906 trillion (2023 est.); $3.718 trillion (2022 est.); $3.531 trillion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 5.05% (2023 est.); 5.31% (2022 est.); 3.7% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $14,100 (2023 est.); $13,500 (2022 est.); $12,900 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 54.4% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 29.3% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.2% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.7% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -19.6% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 12.5% (2023 est.)
Industry: 40.2% (2023 est.)
Services: 42.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, mangoes/guavas, chicken (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 140.931 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 3.42% (2023 est.); 3.46% (2022 est.); 3.83% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 14.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 13.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 9.4% (2023 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $130.872 billion (2020 est.)
Expenditures: $192.97 billion (2020 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.67% (2023 est.); 4.21% (2022 est.); 1.56% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$1.88 billion (2023 est.); $13.215 billion (2022 est.); $3.511 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $292.79 billion (2023 est.); $315.746 billion (2022 est.); $246.787 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 21%, US 10%, Japan 8%, India 8%, Malaysia 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: coal, palm oil, iron alloys, natural gas, steel (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $264.426 billion (2023 est.); $273.031 billion (2022 est.); $217.579 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 31%, Singapore 10%, Japan 6%, Malaysia 5%, Thailand 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, natural gas, plastics (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $146.359 billion (2023 est.); $137.222 billion (2022 est.); $144.908 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Access electrification urban areas: 100%
Access electrification rural areas: 98.2%
Installed generating capacity: 69.706 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 312.423 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 972.7 million kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 25.71 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 79.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 8.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 4.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 6.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 659.357 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 202.283 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 469.09 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 12.396 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 34.869 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 1.728 million bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 57.41 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 36.061 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 22.064 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.027 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.408 trillion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 684.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 386.828 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 224.45 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 73.649 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 33.039 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 8.424 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 316.553 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 115 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.); 0.8% of GDP (2022 est.); 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.); 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.); 0.8% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)) (2024)
Note 1: in 2014, Indonesia created a Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) to coordinate the actions of all maritime security agencies, including the Navy, the Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP), the Water Police (Polair), Customs (Bea Cukai), and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Note 2: the Indonesian National Police, which reports directly to the president, includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) and Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror), a specialized counterterrorism force

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women, with selective conscription authorized (men, age 18), but not utilized; 24-month service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers) (2024)
Note: as of 2023, women comprised about 7% of the Indonesian military

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 611
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,154,100 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,131,910,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: PK

Airports: 513 (2024)

Heliports: 24 (2024)

Pipelines: 1,064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11,702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 496,607 km
Paved: 283,102 km
Unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)

Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 5,684 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2022)
Idps: 72,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2022)
Stateless persons: 866 (2022)

Illicit drugs: major transit point and destination for illicit narcotics; a destination for methamphetamine, ecstasy, and other illicit drugs; methamphetamine production facilities within Indonesia