Map of Kazakhstan | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe

Geographic coordinates: 48 00 N, 68 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 2,724,900 km²
Land: 2,699,700 km²
Water: 25,200 km²
Comparative: slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Country comparison total: 13,364 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) China 1,765 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,212 km; Russia 7,644 km; Turkmenistan 413 km; Uzbekistan 2,330 km

Land boundaries
Total: 13,364 km
Border countries: (5) China 1,765 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,212 km; Russia 7,644 km; Turkmenistan 413 km; Uzbekistan 2,330 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

Terrain: vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south

Elevation
Highest point: Pik Khan-Tengri 7,010 m
Note: the northern most 7,000 meter peak in the World
Lowest point: Qauyndy Oyysy -132 m
Mean elevation: 387 m

Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

Land use
Agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 21.4% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 18,099 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 km²), Amu Darya (534,739 km²), Syr Darya (782,617 km²), Lake Balkash (510,015 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 4.62 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 4.54 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 15.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 108.41 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty

Geography
Note: world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 km² of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome; in 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2,050


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Population
Distribution: most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Total: 20,260,006
Male: 9,817,172
Female: 10,442,834 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.86% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 5.2% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Kazakhstani(s)
Adjective: Kazakhstani

Ethnic groups: Kazakh 71%, Russian 14.9%, Uzbek 3.3%, Ukrainian 1.9%, Uyghurs 1.5%, German 1.1%, Tatar 1.1%, other 4.9%, unspecified 0.3% (2023 est.)

Languages: Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.)
Major-language samples: Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh); Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: percentages are based on population that understands the spoken language

Religions: Muslim 69.3%, Christian 17.2% (Orthodox 17%, other 0.2%), Buddhism 0.1%, other 0.1%, non-believers 2.3%, unspecified 11% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 27.6% (male 2,883,200/female 2,712,772)
15-64 years: 62.8% (male 6,233,881/female 6,486,019)
65 years and over: 9.6% (2024 est.) (male 700,091/female 1,244,043)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 60
Youth dependency ratio: 47.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 12.7
Potential support ratio: 7.9 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 31.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 30 years
Female: 33.8 years

Population growth rate: 0.86% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 17.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country

Urbanization
Urban population: 58.2% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023)

Environment
Current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; desertification; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 26.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 247.21 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 45.03 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.56 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.9 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 13 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 73.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 69 years
Female: 77.9 years

Total fertility rate: 2.58 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 53% (2018)
Note: percent of women aged 18-49

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 6.2% of population
Unimproved total: 2.6% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 6.1 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Improved rural: 99.9% of population
Improved total: 99.9% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 0.1% of population
Unimproved total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 21% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 3.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 23.2% (2020 est.)
Male: 39.6% (2020 est.)
Female: 6.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2% (2015)

Education expenditures: 4.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.8%
Female: 99.7% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 16 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 3.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 2.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
Conventional short form: Kazakhstan
Local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
Local short form: Qazaqstan
Former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: the name 'Kazakh' may derive from the Turkic word 'kaz' meaning 'to wander,' recalling the Kazakh's nomadic lifestyle; the Persian suffix '-stan' means 'place of' or 'country,' so the word Kazakhstan literally means 'Land of the Wanderers'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Astana
Geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E
Time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Note: on 17 September 2022, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Nur-Sultan back to Astana; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, Astana in 1998, and Nur-Sultan in 2019; the latest name change occurred just three and a half years after the city was renamed to honor a long-serving (28-year) former president, who subsequently fell out of favor
Etymology: the name means 'capital city' in Kazakh

Administrative divisions: 17 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 4 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Abay (Semey), Almaty (Qonaev), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Ulytau (Zhezqazghan), Zhambyl (Taraz), Zhetisu (Taldyqorghan)
Note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 km² enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2,050

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day, 16 December (1991)

Constitution
History: previous 1937, 1978 (preindependence), 1993; latest approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995
Amendments: introduced by a referendum initiated by the president of the republic, on the recommendation of Parliament, or by the government; the president has the option of submitting draft amendments to Parliament or directly to a referendum; passage of amendments by Parliament requires four-fifths majority vote of both houses and the signature of the president; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote by more than one half of the voters in at least two thirds of the oblasts, major cities, and the capital, followed by the signature of the president; amended several times, last in 2022

Legal system: civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Olzhas BEKTENOV (since 6 February 2024)
Cabinet: the president appoints ministers based on the prime minister's recommendations; the president has veto power over all appointments and independently appoints the ministers of defense, internal affairs, and foreign affairs
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 7-year term (prior to September 2022, the president of Kazakhstan could serve up to two 5-year terms; legislation passed in September 2022 reduced the maximum number of terms to one 7-year term); election last held on 20 November 2022 (next to be held in 2,029); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Mazhilis
Election results: 2024: Olzhas BEKTENOV elected as prime minister; 69-0 in parliament; 2022: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Kassym-Jomart TOKAYEV (Amanat) 81.3%, Zhiguli DAYRABAEV (Auyl) 3.4%, Qaraqat or Karakat ÄBDEN (KÄQŪA) 2.6%, Meyram KAZHYKEN (Amanat) 2.5%, Nurlan AUYESBAYEV (NSDP) 2.2%, Saltanat TURSYNBEKOVA (QA-DJ) 2.1%, other 5.8%; 2019: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Amanat) 71%, Amirzhan KOSANOV (Ult Tagdyry) 16.2%, Daniya YESPAYEVA (Ak Zhol) 5.1%, other 7.7%
Note: Prime Minister Alikhan SMAILOV resigned on 5 February 2024

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of: Senate (50 seats); 40 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 10 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years), Mazhilis (98 seats; 69 members directly elected in a single national constituency by party list proportional representation vote (5% minimum threshold to gain seats) and 29 directly elected in single-seat constituencies to serve 5-year terms
Elections: Senate - last held on 14 January 2023 (next to be held in 2026), Mazhilis - last held on 19 March 2023 (next to be held in March 2,028)
Elections results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 39, women 11, percentage women 22%, Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 53.9%, Auvl 10.9%, Respublica 8.6%, Ak Zhol 8.4%, QHP 6.8%, NSDP 5.2%, Baytak 2.3%, Against all 3.9%; percent of vote by party (single-mandate districts) - Nur Otan 75.9%, independent 24%; seats by party - Nur Otan 62, Auvl 8, Respublica 6, Ak Zhol 6, QHP 5, NSDP 4, independent 7; composition - men 79, women 19, percentage women 18.4%
Note: total Parliament percentage women 20.9%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of 44 members); Constitutional Council (consists of the chairperson and 6 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council and confirmed by the Senate; judges normally serve until age 65 but can be extended to age 70; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, and the Mazhilis chairperson each appoints 2 members for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president for a 6-year term
Subordinate courts: regional and local courts

Political parties and leaders: Ak Zhol Democratic Party or Ak Zhol, Amanat Party (formerly Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland)), Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party or Auyl, Baytak (Boundless) Party, National Social Democratic Party or NSDP, People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party or Auyl or AHDPP, People's Party of Kazakhstan or PPK, Respublica

International organization participation: ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Yerzhan ASHIKBAYEV (since 7 July 2021)
In the us chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 232-5,488
In the us fax: [1] (202) 232-5,845
In the us email address and website: washington@mfa.kz; [link]
In the us consulates general: New York, San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel N. ROSENBLUM (since 14 November 2022)
From the us embassy: Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Avenue, No. 3, Astana 10,010
From the us mailing address: 2,230 Astana Place, Washington DC 20,521-2,230
From the us telephone: [7] (7,172) 70-21-00
From the us fax: [7] (7,172) 54-09-14
From the us email address and website: USAKZ@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates general: Almaty

Flag description: a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern 'koshkar-muiz' (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future

National symbols: golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow

National anthem
Name: 'Menin Qazaqstanim' (My Kazakhstan)
Lyrics/music: Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV
Note: adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 6 (3 cultural, 3 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: oil and gas giant, with growing international investment; domestic economy hit hard by COVID-19 disruptions; reforming civil society and improving business confidence; legacy state controls and Russian influence inhibit growth and autonomy

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $705.52 billion (2023 est.); $671.285 billion (2022 est.); $650.47 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 5.1% (2023 est.); 3.2% (2022 est.); 4.3% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $35,500 (2023 est.); $34,200 (2022 est.); $33,900 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 49% (2022 est.)
Government consumption: 11.3% (2022 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.4% (2022 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2.8% (2022 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 41.8% (2022 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -26.3% (2022 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.3% (2023 est.)
Industry: 32% (2023 est.)
Services: 56% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: wheat, milk, potatoes, barley, watermelons, sunflower seeds, cantaloupes/melons, onions, maize, linseed (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: 7.36% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 9.587 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 4.85% (2023 est.); 4.86% (2022 est.); 5.56% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 3.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 2.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 5.2% (2022 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $39.879 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $36.451 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 9.45% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 22.41% of GDP (2021 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.99% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 14.72% (2023 est.); 15.03% (2022 est.); 8.04% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$8.658 billion (2023 est.); $7.054 billion (2022 est.); -$2.673 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $90.167 billion (2023 est.); $93.598 billion (2022 est.); $71.726 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 14%, Italy 13%, Russia 9%, UK 8%, Netherlands 6% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: crude petroleum, gold, refined copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $71.811 billion (2023 est.); $60.151 billion (2022 est.); $49.597 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Russia 29%, China 28%, Germany 5%, South Korea 4%, Turkey 3% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: garments, cars, broadcasting equipment, plastic products, packaged medicine (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $35.965 billion (2023 est.); $35.076 billion (2022 est.); $34.378 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external: $22.643 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 26.033 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 108.34 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 2.726 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.902 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 9.758 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 89% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 118.195 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 84.852 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 37.309 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 31,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 25.605 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 1.955 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 288,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 30 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 27.011 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 22.623 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 7.77 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 2.181 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.407 trillion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 265.46 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 185.014 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 36.066 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 44.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 176.085 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2.888 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 25.299 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.); 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.); 1% of GDP (2021 est.); 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.); 1.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces; Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Police, National Guard; Committee for National Security (KNB): Border Guard Service (2024)
Note: the National Guard is a gendarmerie type force administered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but also serves the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for fighting crime, maintaining public order, and ensuring public safety; other duties include anti-terrorism operations, guarding prisons, riot control, and territorial defense in time of war

Military service age and obligation: all men 18-27 are required to serve in the military for 12-24 months; women may volunteer (2023)
Note: as of 2022, more than 10,000 women served in the Armed Forces and the National Guard

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 12 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 84
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,143,797 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 50.22 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UP

Airports: 132 (2024)

Heliports: 30 (2024)

Pipelines: 658 km condensate, 15,429 km gas (2020), 8,020 km oil (2020), 1,095 km refined products, 1,975 km water (2017) (2020)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 96,167 km
Paved: 83,813 km
Unpaved: 12,354 km (2021)

Waterways: 43,983 km (2020) (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Stateless persons: 7,558 (2022)

Illicit drugs: part of the 'Northern Route,' land drug trafficking route from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe; domestic manufacturing of synthetics increasing and domestic drug use trends to synthetic drugs outpacing heroin and cannabis;