Map of North Macedonia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Geographic coordinates: 41 50 N, 22 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 25,713 km²
Land: 25,433 km²
Water: 280 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than Vermont; almost four times the size of Delaware
Country comparison total: 838 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) Albania 181 km; Bulgaria 162 km; Greece 234 km; Kosovo 160 km; Serbia 101 km

Land boundaries
Total: 838 km
Border countries: (5) Albania 181 km; Bulgaria 162 km; Greece 234 km; Kosovo 160 km; Serbia 101 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Terrain: mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River

Elevation
Highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m
Lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
Mean elevation: 741 m

Natural resources: low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 44.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 16.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 26.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 39.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 15.9% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 844 km² (2016)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 6.4 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: high seismic risks

Geography
Note: landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Total: 2,135,622
Male: 1,064,727
Female: 1,070,895 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.1% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 21.8% (2019 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Macedonian(s)
Adjective: Macedonian

Ethnic groups: Macedonian 58.4%, Albanian 24.3%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.5%, Serb 1.3%, other 2.3%, no ethnic affiliation data available 7.2% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent total resident population; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 6.5–13% of North Macedonia’s population

Languages: Macedonian (official) 61.4%, Albanian (official) 24.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Romani 1.7%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 2%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)
Major-language samples: Книга на Светски Факти, неопходен извор на основни информации. (Macedonian); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: data represent mother tongue; minority languages are co-official with Macedonian in municipalities where at least 20% of the population are speakers, with Albanian co-official in Tetovo, Brvenica, Vrapciste, and other municipalities, Turkish in Centar Zupa and Plasnica, Romani in Suto Orizari, Aromanian in Krusevo, Serbian in Cucer Sandevo

Religions: Macedonian Orthodox 46.1%, Muslim 32.2%, other Christian 13.8%, other and non-believers 0.5%, unspecified 7.4% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 16% (male 176,423/female 164,945)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 740,649/female 719,627)
65 years and over: 15.6% (2024 est.) (male 147,655/female 186,323)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 44.6
Youth dependency ratio: 23.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 21.4
Potential support ratio: 4.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 40.5 years (2024 est.)
Male: 39.4 years
Female: 41.6 years

Population growth rate: 0.1% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 10.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 59.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 611,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; Skopje has severe air pollution problems every winter as a result of industrial emissions, smoke from wood-buring stoves, and exhaust fumes from old cars
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 25.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 7.05 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.28 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.9 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 3 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 6 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 75.3 years
Female: 79.6 years

Total fertility rate: 1.53 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 59.9% (2018/19)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.7% of population
Unimproved rural: 1% of population
Unimproved total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0.3% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 4.3 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 98% of population
Improved total: 99.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 2% of population
Unimproved total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.4% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 3.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 0.9% (2018/19)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.4%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 97.6% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 14 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 28.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 27% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 31.5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of North Macedonia
Conventional short form: North Macedonia
Local long form: Republika Severna Makedonija
Local short form: Severna Makedonija
Former: Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia
Etymology: the country name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.)

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Skopje
Geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: Skopje derives from its ancient name Scupi, the Latin designation of a Dardanian and classical era Greco-Roman frontier fortress town; the name goes back to a pre-Hellenic, Illyrian times

Administrative divisions: 80 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostuse, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci. The Greater Skopje area is comprised of 10 municipalities: Aerodrom, Butel, Centar, Chair, Gazi Baba, Gjorce Petrov, Karposh, Kisela Voda, Saraj, and Shuto Orizari.

Dependent areas

Independence: 8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 8 September (1991), also known as National Day

Constitution
History: several previous (since 1944); latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2019; this amendment was the result of the 2018 Prespa Agreement with Greece, in which the constitutional name of the country would be modified to Republic of North Macedonia in exchange for assurances that Greece would no longer object to its integration in international organizations
Note: a referendum on amendments to the constitution is expected in 2024

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of North Macedonia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (since 12 May 2024)
Head of government: President Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (since 12 May 2024)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote
Elections/appointments: president directly elected using a modified 2-round system; a candidate can only be elected in the first round with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result to be deemed valid; president elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 April and 8 May 2024 (next to be held in 2,029); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the Assembly
Election results: 2024: Hristijan MICKOSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 77 for, 22 against; 2024: Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA elected president in the second round; percent of vote - Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (VMRO-DPMNE) 69%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 31%; 2024: Talat XHAFERI elected caretaker prime minister; Assembly vote - 65 for (opposition boycott); 2022: Dimitar KOVACEVSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - NA

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Assembly - Sobranie in Macedonian, Kuvend in Albanian (between 120 and 140 seats, current 123; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote; possibility of 3 directly elected in diaspora constituencies by simple majority vote provided there is sufficient voter turnout; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 8 May 2024 (next to be held on 31 May 2,028)
Elections results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Your Macedonia 44.6%, For a European Future 15.8%, European Front 14%, VLEN 10.9%, The Left 7%, For Our Macedonia 5.7%, other 1.9%; seats by party/coalition - Your Macedonia 58, For a European Future 18, European Front 18, VLEN 14, The Left 6, For Our Macedonia 6; composition - TBD

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 22 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Albanians or AfA or ASH, Alternative (Alternativa) or AAA, Besa Movement or BESA, Citizen Option for Macedonia or GROM , Democratic Alliance or DS, Democratic Movement or LD , Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSH, Democratic Party of Serbs or DPSM, Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM, Democratic Union for Integration or BDI, European Democratic Party or PDE , Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP, Liberal Democratic Party or LDP, New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP, Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM, Socialist Party of Macedonia or SPM, Srpska Stranka in Macedonia or SSM, The Left (Levica) , The People Movement or LP, Turkish Democratic Party or TDP , Turkish Movement Party or THP , We Can! (coalition includes SDSM/BESA/VMRO-NP, DPT, LDP)

International organization participation: BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Note: North Macedonia is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Zoran POPOV (since 16 September 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 667-0501
In the us fax: [1] (202) 667-2,104
In the us email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.mk, United States (mfa.gov.mk)
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Detroit, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Angela AGGELER (since 8 November 2022)
From the us embassy: Str. Samoilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje
From the us mailing address: 7,120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20,521-7,120
From the us telephone: [389] (2) 310-2000
From the us fax: [389] (2) 310-2,499
From the us email address and website: SkopjeACS@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia

National symbols: eight-rayed sun; national colors: red, yellow

National anthem
Name: 'Denes nad Makedonija' (Today Over Macedonia)
Lyrics/music: Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI
Note: written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 2 (both natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: upper-middle-income European economy; recovering from energy-driven inflation; macroeconomic support from IMF and EU lending facilities; stalled progress on EU accession; fiscal consolidation hampered by deficit spending on public works; structural challenges of emigration, low productivity growth, and governance

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $42.444 billion (2023 est.); $42.012 billion (2022 est.); $41.099 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.03% (2023 est.); 2.22% (2022 est.); 4.51% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $23,400 (2023 est.); $22,900 (2022 est.); $22,400 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 72.9% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 16.8% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.5% (2021 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 72.8% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -86.3% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 7% (2023 est.)
Industry: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Services: 58.2% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: milk, grapes, chilies/peppers, wheat, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, cabbages, maize, barley (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts

Industrial production growth rate: -1.07% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 801,000 (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 13.08% (2023 est.); 14.48% (2022 est.); 15.8% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 28.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 27% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 31.5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 21.8% (2019 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $4.141 billion (2021 est.)
Expenditures: $4.666 billion (2021 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 17.39% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 9.36% (2023 est.); 14.2% (2022 est.); 3.23% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $99.23 million (2023 est.); -$864.777 million (2022 est.); -$374.85 million (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $10.748 billion (2023 est.); $10.126 billion (2022 est.); $9.208 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 42%, Serbia 8%, Greece 7%, Bulgaria 5%, Italy 3% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: reaction and catalytic products, insulated wire, electricity, garments, vehicle parts/accessories (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $12.745 billion (2023 est.); $13.008 billion (2022 est.); $11.362 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: UK 16%, Greece 13%, Germany 9%, Serbia 8%, China 6% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: platinum, refined petroleum, electricity, precious metal compounds, natural gas (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $5.015 billion (2023 est.); $4.12 billion (2022 est.); $4.129 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 2.153 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 5.791 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 5.662 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 7.074 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.064 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 71.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 24.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 5.075 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 5.776 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 53,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 750,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 332 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Refined petroleum consumption: 22,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Consumption: 274.928 million m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 274.918 million m³ (2022 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 6.775 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 3.132 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 3.111 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 532,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 46.564 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 436,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 2.048 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 98 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.); 1.7% of GDP (2023); 1.6% of GDP (2022); 1.5% of GDP (2021); 1.2% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM or ARNM): joint force with air, ground, reserve, special operations, and support forces (2024)
Note: the Police of Macedonia maintain internal security, including migration and border enforcement, and report to the Ministry of the Interior

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2007 (2024)
Note: as of 2024, women made up about 10% of the military's full-time personnel

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: Z3

Airports: 13 (2024)

Heliports: 8 (2024)

Pipelines: 262 km gas, 120 km oil (2017)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 15,170 km (2022)

Waterways

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 18,915 (Ukraine) (as of 22 February 2024)
Stateless persons: 521 (2022)
Note: 579,828 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)

Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement