Map of Portugal | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: A global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. A revolution deposed the monarchy in 1910, and for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup ushered in broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.


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Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain

Geographic coordinates: 39 30 N, 8 00 W

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 92,090 km²
Land: 91,470 km²
Water: 620 km²
Note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Comparative: slightly smaller than Virginia
Country comparison total: 1,224 km
Country comparison border countries: (1) Spain 1,224 km

Land boundaries
Total: 1,224 km
Border countries: (1) Spain 1,224 km

Coastline: 1,793 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Terrain: the west-flowing Tagus River divides the country: the north is mountainous toward the interior, while the south is characterized by rolling plains

Elevation
Highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 372 m

Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 39.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 37.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 22.5% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 5,662 km² (2019)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 880 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 1.83 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 3.42 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 77.4 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Volcanism: limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira

Geography
Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; they are two of the four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are the Canary Islands (Spain) and Cabo Verde


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Population
Distribution: concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities
Total: 10,207,177
Male: 4,835,763
Female: 5,371,414 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: -0.14% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 16.4% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Portuguese

Ethnic groups: Portuguese 95%; citizens from Portugal’s former colonies in Africa, Asia (Han Chinese), and South America (Brazilian) and other foreign born 5%

Languages: Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)

Religions: Roman Catholic 79.7%, Protestant 2.2%, other Christian 2.5%, other non-Christian, 1.1%, none 14.5% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent population 15 years of age and older

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 12.7% (male 662,419/female 631,284)
15-64 years: 65% (male 3,264,766/female 3,371,087)
65 years and over: 22.3% (2024 est.) (male 908,578/female 1,369,043)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 56
Youth dependency ratio: 20.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 35.2
Potential support ratio: 2.8 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 46.4 years (2024 est.)
Male: 44.3 years
Female: 48.3 years

Population growth rate: -0.14% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities

Urbanization
Urban population: 67.9% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 3.001 million LISBON (capital), 1.325 million Porto (2023)

Environment
Current issues: soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in urban centers and coastal areas
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 7.34 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 48.74 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 10.93 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29.9 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 2.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 81.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 78.8 years
Female: 85.2 years

Total fertility rate: 1.45 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 73.9% (2014)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 0.3% of population
Unimproved total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 3.5 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 99.9% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 20.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 10.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 2.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 6.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.34 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 25.4% (2020 est.)
Male: 30.5% (2020 est.)
Female: 20.2% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 0.4% (2015/16)

Education expenditures: 5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 95.9%
Male: 97.8%
Female: 95.9% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 17 years
Male: 17 years
Female: 17 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 20.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 20.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 19.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
Conventional short form: Portugal
Local long form: Republica Portuguesa
Local short form: Portugal
Etymology: name derives from the Roman designation 'Portus Cale' meaning 'Port of Cale'; Cale was an ancient Celtic town and port in present-day northern Portugal

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Lisbon
Geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
Time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)
Etymology: Lisbon is one of Europe's oldest cities (the second oldest capital city after Athens) and the origin of the name is lost in time; it may have been founded as an ancient Celtic settlement that subsequently maintained close commercial relations with the Phoenicians (beginning about 1200 B.C.); the name of the settlement may have been derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River that runs through the city, Lisso or Lucio; the Romans named the city 'Olisippo' when they took it from the Carthaginians in 205 B.C.; under the Visigoths the city name became 'Ulixbona,' under the Arabs it was 'al-Ushbuna'; the medieval version of 'Lissabona' became today's Lisboa

Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

Dependent areas

Independence: 1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 1 December 1640 (independence reestablished following 60 years of Spanish rule); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)

National holiday: Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580)
Note: also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis DE CAMOES (1524-80) died

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976
Amendments: proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members; amended several times, last in 2005

Legal system: civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Portugal
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; 6 years if from a Portuguese-speaking country

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016)
Head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO (since 2 April 2024)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 January 2021 (next to be held in January 2026); following legislative elections the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president
Election results: 2021: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 60.7%, Ana GOMES (ran as an independent but is a member of PS) 13%, Andre VENTURA (CH) 11.9%, João FERREIRA (PCP-PEV) 4.3%, other 10.1%; 2016: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 52%, António SAMPAIO DA NOVOA (independent) 22.9%, Marisa MATIAS (BE) 10.1%, Maria DE BELEM ROSEIRA (PS) 4.2%, other 10.8%
Note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; 226 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote and 4 members - 2 each in 2 constituencies representing Portuguese living abroad - directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 10 March 2024 (next to be held on 30 September 2,028)
Note: early elections were called after Prime Minister Antonio Luis Santos da COSTA resigned on 7 November 2023
Elections results: percent of vote by party - AD (PSD, CDS-PP, PPM) 28.8%, PS, 28%, Enough 18.1%, IL 4.9%, BE 4.4%, L 3.2%, CDU 3.2%, other 9.4%; seats by party - AD (PSD, CDS-PP, PPM) 80, PS 78, Enough 50, IL 8, BE 5, L 4, CDU 4, other 1; composition - men 155, women 75, percentage women 32.6%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 12 justices); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges can serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year nonrenewable terms
Subordinate courts: Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas); appellate, district, and municipal courts

Political parties and leaders: Democratic Alliance or AD (2024 electoral alliance in the Azores, includes PSD, CDS-PP, PPM), Democratic and Social Center/People's Party (Partido do Centro Democratico Social-Partido Popular) or CDS-PP, Ecologist Party 'The Greens' or 'Os Verdes' (Partido Ecologista-Os Verdes) or PEV, Enough (Chega), Liberal Initiative (Iniciativa Liberal) or IL, LIVRE or L, People-Animals-Nature Party (Pessoas-Animais-Natureza) or PAN, People's Monarchist Party or PPM, Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Comunista Portugues) or PCP, Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata) or PSD (formerly the Partido Popular Democratico or PPD), Socialist Party (Partido Socialista) or PS, The Left Bloc (Bloco de Esquerda) or BE or O Bloco, Unitary Democratic Coalition (Coligacao Democratica Unitaria) or CDU (includes PCP and PEV) (2024)

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Antonio DUARTE LOPES (since 7 June 2022)
In the us chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 350-5,400
In the us fax: [1] (202) 462-3,726
In the us email address and website: info.washington@mne.pt; [link]
In the us consulates general: Boston, Newark (NJ), New York, San Francisco
In the us consulates: New Bedford (MA), Providence (RI)
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Randi Charno LEVINE (since 22 April 2022)
From the us embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisboa
From the us mailing address: 5,320 Lisbon Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,320
From the us telephone: [351] (21) 727-3,300
From the us fax: [351] (21) 726-9,109
From the us email address and website: conslisbon@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates: Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Flag description: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation

National symbols: armillary sphere (a spherical astrolabe modeling objects in the sky and representing the Republic); national colors: red, green

National anthem
Name: 'A Portugesa' (The Song of the Portuguese)
Lyrics/music: Henrique LOPES DE MENDOCA/Alfredo KEIL
Note: adopted 1910; 'A Portuguesa' was originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa; the lyrics refer to the 'insult' that resulted from the event

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: high-income EU and eurozone economy; strong services sector led by tourism and banking; tight labor market; private consumption and export recovery driving post-inflation rebound; EU Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) funds a key driver of public investment; high public debt but improving fiscal position

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $439.008 billion (2023 est.); $429.3 billion (2022 est.); $401.863 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 2.26% (2023 est.); 6.83% (2022 est.); 5.74% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $41,700 (2023 est.); $41,200 (2022 est.); $38,800 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 62.6% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 17% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 19.4% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.2% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 47.4% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -46.6% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2% (2023 est.)
Industry: 18% (2023 est.)
Services: 67% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: milk, tomatoes, grapes, olives, maize, oranges, pork, potatoes, chicken, apples (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics

Industrial production growth rate: -1.13% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 5.419 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 6.49% (2023 est.); 6.01% (2022 est.); 6.58% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 20.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 20.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 19.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 16.4% (2021 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $99.473 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $100.796 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 23.05% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 125.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 4.31% (2023 est.); 7.83% (2022 est.); 1.27% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $3.974 billion (2023 est.); -$3.108 billion (2022 est.); -$2.987 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $136.589 billion (2023 est.); $126.541 billion (2022 est.); $105.648 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Spain 25%, France 12%, Germany 11%, US 7%, UK 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: cars, garments, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, plastic products (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $133.006 billion (2023 est.); $131.627 billion (2022 est.); $112.413 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Spain 31%, Germany 11%, France 6%, China 5%, Italy 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, natural gas, vehicle parts/accessories (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $35.243 billion (2023 est.); $32.232 billion (2022 est.); $32.535 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 23.316 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 50.255 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 3.062 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 12.314 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 4.54 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 42.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 7.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 28.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 12.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 8.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Consumption: 9,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 200 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 23,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 3 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 212,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Consumption: 5.515 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 5.97 billion m³ (2022 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 42.562 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 40,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 31.394 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 11.128 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 80.316 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 5.437 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 53 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 12.792 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 125 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 1.6% of GDP (2024 est.); 1.5% of GDP (2023); 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.); 1.5% of GDP (2021); 1.4% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Portuguese Armed Forces (Forças Armadas Portuguesa): Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps, aka Corpo de Fuzileiros or Corps of Fusiliers), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP); Ministry of Internal Administration: Foreigners and Borders Service, Public Security Service, National Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR) (2024)
Note: the Foreigners and Borders Service has jurisdiction over immigration and border matters, the Public Security Police has jurisdiction in cities, and the GNR has jurisdiction in rural areas; the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to both the Ministry of Internal Administration and to the Ministry of National Defense; it is not part of the Armed Forces, but may be placed under the operational command of the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces in the event of a national emergency; the GNR describes itself as a hinge between the Armed Forces and the police forces and other security services

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service; no compulsory military service (abolished 2004) but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; contract service lasts for an initial period of 2-6 years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service; initial voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2023)
Note: as of 2023, women made up about 14% of the military's full-time personnel

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 10 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 168
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 17,367,956 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 454.21 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: CR, CS

Airports: 130 (2024)

Heliports: 63 (2024)

Pipelines: 1,344 km gas, 11 km oil, 188 km refined products (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 11,217 km (2022)

Waterways: 210 km (2011) (on Douro River from Porto)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 59,920 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)
Stateless persons: 55 (2022)

Illicit drugs: a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin