Map of Romania | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist 'people's republic' in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.


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Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 238,391 km²
Land: 229,891 km²
Water: 8,500 km²
Comparative: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon
Country comparison total: 2,844 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km

Land boundaries
Total: 2,844 km
Border countries: (5) Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km

Coastline: 225 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Elevation
Highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 414 m

Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 60.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 28.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 10.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 4,730 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 1.09 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 3.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 1.43 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 212 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Geography
Note: controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria


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Population
Distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania
Total: 18,148,155
Male: 8,747,795
Female: 9,400,360 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: -0.94% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 21.2% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Romanian(s)
Adjective: Romanian

Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population

Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
Major-language samples: Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)
15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)
65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 53.7
Youth dependency ratio: 24.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 29.1
Potential support ratio: 3.4 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 45.5 years (2024 est.)
Male: 44 years
Female: 46.9 years

Population growth rate: -0.94% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 8.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 14.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Urbanization
Urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 13.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 69.26 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 27.62 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.1 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 73.4 years
Female: 80.5 years

Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 6.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 96.9% of population
Improved rural: 76% of population
Improved total: 87.3% of population
Unimproved urban: 3.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 24% of population
Unimproved total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 28% (2020 est.)
Male: 35.9% (2020 est.)
Female: 20% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.9%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 98.7% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 21.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 21.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Romania
Local long form: none
Local short form: Romania
Former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
Etymology: the name derives from the Latin 'Romanus' meaning 'citizen of Rome' and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Bucharest
Geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: related to the Romanian word 'bucura' that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is 'to be glad (happy)'; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to 'city of joy'

Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Dependent areas

Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

National holiday: Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991
Amendments: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)
Head of government: Prime Minister Marcel CIOLACU (since 15 June 2023)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held in November 2024, but results were annulled, with new election expected in early 2025; prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
Election results: 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%; 2014: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%
Note: Romania's constitutional court has annulled the results of the most recent presidential election in November-December 2024, which resets the election cycle. A new election is expected in early 2025.

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of: Senate or Senat (136 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 2 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms), Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (330 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 4 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024), Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024)
Elections results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 29.3%, PNL 25.6%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.9%, AUR 9.2%, UDMR 5.9%, other 14.1%; seats by party - PSD 47, PNL 41, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 25, AUR 14, UDMR 9; composition - men 111, women 24, percentage women 17.8%, Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 28.9%, PNL 25.2%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.4%, AUR 9.1%, UDMR 5.7%, other 15.7%; seats by party - PSD 110, PNL 93, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 55, AUR 33, UDMR 21, other 18; composition - men 265, women 63, percentage women 19.2%; total Parliament percentage women 18.8%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for the Fatherland or APP , Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR, Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD , Civic Hungarian Party, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR , Ecologist Party of Romania or PER , Force of the Right or FD , Greater Romania Party or PRM , Green Party, National Liberal Party or PNL, Popular Movement Party or PMP , PRO Romania or PRO, Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR , Save Romania Union Party or USR , Social Democratic Party or PSD , Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL), S.O.S. Romania , The Right Alternative or AD , United Romania Party or PRU , We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)
In the us chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 332-4,829
In the us fax: [1] (202) 232-4,748
In the us email address and website: washington@mae.ro; [link]
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kathleen KAVALEC (since 14 February 2023)
From the us embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 15,118
From the us mailing address: 5,260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,260
From the us telephone: [40] (21) 200-3,300
From the us fax: [40] (21) 200-3,442
From the us email address and website: ACSBucharest@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed
Note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

National symbols: golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: 'Desteapta-te romane!' (Wake up, Romanian!)
Lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN
Note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: high-income EU member economy; joined Schengen area as of March 2024; euro membership delayed over convergence criteria; persistent inflation but recovery driven by consumption and EU-funded investments; skilled labor shortage; regional economic disparities; fiscal reforms to address rising deficits

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $772.107 billion (2023 est.); $755.867 billion (2022 est.); $726.048 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 2.15% (2023 est.); 4.11% (2022 est.); 5.71% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $40,500 (2023 est.); $39,700 (2022 est.); $38,000 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 62.2% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 16.9% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 26.9% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -1.2% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 39.1% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -43.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 3.9% (2023 est.)
Industry: 27.6% (2023 est.)
Services: 59.8% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, potatoes, rapeseed, grapes, plums, apples (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: 1.15% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 8.282 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 5.6% (2023 est.); 5.61% (2022 est.); 5.59% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 21.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 21.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 21.2% (2021 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $93.681 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $110.163 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 16.02% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 50.45% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 10.4% (2023 est.); 13.8% (2022 est.); 5.05% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$24.487 billion (2023 est.); -$27.326 billion (2022 est.); -$20.627 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $137.337 billion (2023 est.); $129.286 billion (2022 est.); $115.879 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 19%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7%, France 6%, Bulgaria 4% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, cars, insulated wire, refined petroleum, wheat (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $154.106 billion (2023 est.); $149.209 billion (2022 est.); $132.056 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 17%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Turkey 6%, Poland 6% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, cars (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $73 billion (2023 est.); $55.81 billion (2022 est.); $51.886 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 19.126 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 49.805 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 7.429 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 8.653 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 6.204 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 39.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 18.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 12.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 25.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 18.16 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 19.404 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 242,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.338 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 221,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 9.501 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 10.055 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 832.421 million m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 2.977 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 105.48 billion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 62.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 15.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 28.604 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 18.67 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 60.67 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2.222 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 23.219 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 2.3% of GDP (2024 est.); 1.6% of GDP (2023); 1.7% of GDP (2022); 1.9% of GDP (2021); 2% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force; Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, the Romanian Gendarmerie (Jandarmeria Română), the Romanian Border Police, the General Directorate for Internal Protection, and the Directorate General for Anticorruption (2024)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 60
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,908,235 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2.71 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YR

Airports: 82 (2024)

Heliports: 18 (2024)

Pipelines: 3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 85,387 km (2022)

Waterways: 1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 77,250 (Ukraine) (as of 14 April 2024)
Stateless persons: 297 (2022)
Note: 16,085 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

Illicit drugs: a source country for cannabis