Map of Senegal | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania

Geographic coordinates: 14 00 N, 14 00 W

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 196,722 km²
Land: 192,530 km²
Water: 4,192 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than South Dakota; slightly larger than twice the size of Indiana
Country comparison total: 2,684 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) The Gambia 749 km; Guinea 363 km; Guinea-Bissau 341 km; Mali 489 km; Mauritania 742 km

Land boundaries
Total: 2,684 km
Border countries: (5) The Gambia 749 km; Guinea 363 km; Guinea-Bissau 341 km; Mali 489 km; Mauritania 742 km

Coastline: 531 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind

Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast

Elevation
Highest point: unnamed elevation 2.8 km southeast of Nepen Diaka 648 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 69 m

Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore

Land use
Agricultural land: 46.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 43.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 9.4% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 1,200 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Senegal (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, and Mauritania [m] ) - 1,641 km; Gambie (Gambia) (shared with Guinea [s] and The Gambia [m]) - 1,094 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 260 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 2.76 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 38.97 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts

Geography
Note: westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal


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Population
Distribution: the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map
Total: 18,847,519
Male: 9,283,314
Female: 9,564,205 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 2.46% (2024 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Senegalese

Ethnic groups: Wolof 39.7%, Pulaar 27.5%, Sereer 16%, Mandinka 4.9%, Jola 4.2%, Soninke 2.4%, other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent) (2019 est.)

Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka, Serer, Soninke

Religions: Muslim 97.2% (most adhere to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods), Christian 2.7% (mostly Roman Catholic) (2019 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 40.7% (male 3,907,986/female 3,760,594)
15-64 years: 55.9% (male 5,098,038/female 5,437,195)
65 years and over: 3.4% (2024 est.) (male 277,290/female 366,416)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 81.5
Youth dependency ratio: 75.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 5.7
Potential support ratio: 17.4 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 19.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 18.4 years
Female: 20 years

Population growth rate: 2.46% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 30.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map

Urbanization
Urban population: 49.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 3.340 million DAKAR (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; periodic droughts; seasonal flooding; overfishing; weak environmental protective laws; wildlife populations threatened by poaching
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 38.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 10.9 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 11.74 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 21.9 years (2019 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 261 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 31.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 34.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 70.6 years (2024 est.)
Male: 68.8 years
Female: 72.4 years

Total fertility rate: 4.06 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 26.9% (2019)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 95.9% of population
Unimproved rural: 20.7% of population
Unimproved total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 4.1% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 94.1% of population
Improved rural: 55.5% of population
Improved total: 74.1% of population
Unimproved urban: 5.9% of population
Unimproved rural: 44.5% of population
Unimproved total: 25.9% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 8.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 6.9% (2020 est.)
Male: 13.1% (2020 est.)
Female: 0.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 14.4% (2019)

Education expenditures: 5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 56.3%
Male: 68.4%
Female: 45.4% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 9 years
Male: 8 years
Female: 10 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 4.1% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 2.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 6.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
Conventional short form: Senegal
Local long form: République du Sénégal
Local short form: Sénégal
Former: Senegambia (along with The Gambia), Mali Federation
Etymology: named for the Senegal River that forms the northern border of the country; many theories exist for the origin of the river name; perhaps the most widely cited derives the name from 'Azenegue,' the Portuguese appellation for the Berber Zenaga people who lived north of the river

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Dakar
Geographic coordinates: 14 44 N, 17 38 W
Time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, D.C., during Standard Time)
Etymology: the Atlantic coast trading settlement of Ndakaaru came to be called 'Dakar' by French colonialists

Administrative divisions: 14 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kéedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor

Dependent areas

Independence: 4 April 1960 (from France)
Note: complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960

National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)

Constitution
History: previous 1959 (pre-independence), 1963; latest adopted by referendum 7 January 2001, promulgated 22 January 2001
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires Assembly approval and approval in a referendum; the president can bypass a referendum and submit an amendment directly to the Assembly, which requires at least three-fifths majority vote; the republican form of government is not amendable; amended several times, last in 2019

Legal system: civil law system based on French law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Council

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Senegal
Dual citizenship recognized: no, but Senegalese citizens do not automatically lose their citizenship if they acquire citizenship in another state
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (since 2 April 2024)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ousmane SONKO (since 2 April 2024)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single, renewable 5-year term; election last held on 24 March 2024 (next to be held in March 2,029)
Election results: 2024: Bassirou Diomaye FAYE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (PASTEF) 54%, Amadou BA (APR) 36%, other 10%; 2019: Macky SALL reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Macky SALL (APR) 58.3%, Idrissa SECK (Rewmi) 20.5%, Ousmane SONKO (PASTEF) 15.7%, other 5.5%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale (165 seats; 112 members including 15 representing Senegalese diaspora directly elected by plurality vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies and 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency; member term is 5-years)
Elections: last held on 31 July 2022 (next scheduled to be held in July 2,027)
Elections results: percent of vote by party/coalition - BBY 46.6%, YAW 32.9%, WS 14.5%, other 6%; seats by party/coalition - BBY 82, YAW 42, WS 24, other 17; composition - men 89, women 76, percentage women 46.1%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (consists of the court president and 12 judges and organized into civil and commercial, criminal, administrative, and social chambers); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of 7 members, including the court president, vice president, and 5 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon recommendation of the Superior Council of the Magistrates, a body chaired by the president and minister of justice; judge tenure varies, with mandatory retirement either at 65 or 68 years; Constitutional Council members appointed - 5 by the president and 2 by the National Assembly speaker; judges serve 6-year terms, with renewal of 2 members every 2 years
Subordinate courts: High Court of Justice (for crimes of high treason by the president); Courts of Appeal; Court of Auditors; assize courts; regional and district courts; Labor Court

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Citizenship and Work or ACT , Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar or APR , Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP , AND (National Alliance for Democracy) , And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS , ARC (Alternative for the next generation of citizens) , Awalé , Benno Bokk Yakaar or BBY (United in Hope); coalition includes AFP, APR, BGC, LD-MPT, PIT, PS, and UNP, Bokk Gis Gis coalition , Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk , Coalition Mimi 2024 , Dare the Future movement , Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT , Democratic Renaissance Congress , Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ , Gainde Centrist Bloc or BCG , General Alliance for the Interests of the Republic or AGIR , Grand Party or GP , Gueum sa Bopp (Believe in yourself) , Independence and Labor Party or PIT , Jotna Coalition , Liberate the People (Yewwi Askan Wi) or YAW , Madicke 2019 coalition , National Union for the People or UNP , Only Senegal Movement , Party for Truth and Development or PVD , Party of Unity and Rally or PUR , Patriotic Convergence Kaddu Askan Wi or CP-Kaddu Askan Wi , PRP (Republican party for Progress) , Rewmi Party , Save Senegal (Wallu Senegal Grand Coalition) or WS; coalition includes PDS, Jotna Coalition, Democratic Renaissance Congress, Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS , Socialist Party or PS , Tekki Movement , Réewum Ngor (Republic of Values) , Servants (Les Serviteurs)

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, CPLP (associate), ECOWAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Isidor Marcel SENE (since 31 August 2024)
In the us chancery: 2,215 M ST NW, Washington, D.C. 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540
In the us fax: [1] (202) 629-2,961
In the us email address and website: contact@ambasenegal-us.org; [link]
In the us consulates general: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Michael RAYNOR (since 10 March 2022)
From the us note: also accredited to Guinea-Bissau
From the us embassy: Route des Almadies, Dakar
From the us mailing address: 2,130 Dakar Place, Washington D.C. 20,521-2,130
From the us telephone: [221] 33-879-4,000
From the us email address and website: DakarACS@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope
Note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

National symbols: lion; national colors: green, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: 'Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons' (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)
Lyrics/music: Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER
Note: adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 7 (5 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: lower middle-income, services-driven West African economy; key mining, construction, agriculture, and fishing industries; tourism and exports hit hard by COVID-19; large informal economy; developing offshore oil and gas fields; systemic corruption

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $77.382 billion (2023 est.); $74.621 billion (2022 est.); $71.874 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 3.7% (2023 est.); 3.82% (2022 est.); 6.54% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $4,400 (2023 est.); $4,300 (2022 est.); $4,300 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 55.9% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 14.7% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 38.4% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 9% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 25.6% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -43.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 16.4% (2023 est.)
Industry: 23.7% (2023 est.)
Services: 50.8% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: groundnuts, watermelons, rice, cassava, sugarcane, millet, maize, onions, sorghum, milk (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, zircon, and gold mining, construction materials, ship construction and repair

Industrial production growth rate: 2.9% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 5.257 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 2.93% (2023 est.); 2.97% (2022 est.); 3.37% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 4.1% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 2.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 6.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $6.423 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $6.424 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 18.7% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 48.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources: 1.46% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 9.7% (2022 est.); 2.18% (2021 est.); 2.54% (2020 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$3.327 billion (2021 est.); -$2.662 billion (2020 est.); -$1.898 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $6.78 billion (2021 est.); $5.063 billion (2020 est.); $5.836 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Mali 18%, India 16%, Switzerland 11%, US 8%, China 4% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: gold, phosphoric acid, refined petroleum, fish, precious metal products (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $12.278 billion (2021 est.); $9.627 billion (2020 est.); $9.17 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 22%, India 8%, France 7%, Belgium 5%, Netherlands 4% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, ships, rice, crude petroleum, plastic products (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.827 billion (31 December 2017 est.); $116.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $12.652 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 67.9% (2022 est.)
Access electrification urban areas: 96.6%
Access electrification rural areas: 43.4%
Installed generating capacity: 1.668 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 7.025 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 326.425 million kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.057 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 74.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 10.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 9.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Consumption: 502,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 502,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 55,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 54.646 million m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 54.498 million m³ (2022 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 9.152 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 1.134 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 7.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 92,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 7.836 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 297,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 20.855 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.); 1.6% of GDP (2022 est.); 1.7% of GDP (2021 est.); 1.5% of GDP (2020 est.); 1.5% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Senegalese Armed Forces (les Forces Armées Sénégalaises, FAS): Army (l’Armée de Terre, AT), Senegalese National Navy (Marine Séenéegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (l'Arméee de l'Air du Séenéegal, AAS), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components); Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)
Note: the National Police operates in major cities, while the Gendarmerie under the FAS primarily operates outside urban areas; both services have specialized anti-terrorism units

Military service age and obligation: 19 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (18 years of age for cadets); 24-month service commitment (2024)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM)


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 11
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 21,038 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 40,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 6V

Airports: 19 (2024)

Heliports

Pipelines: 43 km gas, 8 km refined products (2017)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 16,665 km
Paved: 6,126 km (includes 241 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 10,539 km (2017)

Waterways: 1,000 km (2012) (primarily on the Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance Rivers)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 11,518 (Mauritania) (2023)
Idps: 8,400 (2022)

Illicit drugs: a transit point on the cocaine route from South America to Europe; large production of cannabis in southern Casamance region; the high domestic use of cannabis, ecstasy, and to a lesser extent crack cocaine