Map of Brazil | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in 1930. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than a half century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Having successfully weathered a period of global financial difficulty in the late 20th century, Brazil was seen as one of the world's strongest emerging markets and a contributor to global growth. The awarding of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympic Games, the first ever to be held in South America, was seen as symbolic of the country's rise. However, from about 2013 to 2016, Brazil was plagued by a sagging economy, high unemployment, and high inflation, only emerging from recession in 2017. Former President Dilma ROUSSEFF (2011-2016) was removed from office in 2016 by Congress for having committed impeachable acts against Brazil's budgetary laws, and her vice president, Michel TEMER, served the remainder of her second term. In October 2018, Jair BOLSONARO won the presidency with 55% of the vote and assumed office on 1 January 2019.


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Location: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 55 00 W

Map reference: South America

Area
Total: 8,515,770 km²
Land: 8,358,140 km²
Water: 157,630 km²
Note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
Comparative: slightly smaller than the US

Land boundaries
Total: 16,145 km
Border countries: (10) Argentina 1263 km; , Bolivia 3,403 km; , Colombia 1790 km; , French Guiana 649 km; , Guyana 1308 km; , Paraguay 1371 km; , Peru 2,659 km; , Suriname 515 km; , Uruguay 1050 km; , Venezuela 2,137 km

Coastline: 7,491 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt

Elevation
Highest point: Pico da Neblina 2,994 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 320 m

Natural resources: alumina, bauxite, beryllium, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, niobium, phosphates, platinum, tantalum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

Land use
Agricultural land: 32.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 8.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)
Forest: 61.9% (2018 est.)
Other: 5.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 54,000 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Amazon river mouth (shared with Peru [s]) - 6,400 km; Rio de la Plata/Parana river source (shared with Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay [m]) - 4,880 km; Tocantins - 3,650 km; Sao Francisco - 3,180 km; Paraguay river source (shared with Argentina and Paraguay [m]) - 2,549 km; Rio Negro river mouth (shared with Colombia [s] and Venezuela) - 2,250 km; Uruguay river source (shared with Argentina and Uruguay [m]) - 1,610 km


Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 km²), Orinoco (953,675 km²), Paraná (2,582,704 km²), São Francisco (617,814 km²), Tocantins (764,213 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 16.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 9.511 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 39.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 8.647 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south

Geography


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Population
Distribution: the vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of Sao Paolo, Brasilia, and Rio de Janeiro: 213,445,417 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 0.65% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 4.2% (2016 est.)
Below poverty line note: approximately 4% of the population are below the 'extreme' poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Brazilian(s)
Adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups: White 47.7%, mixed 43.1%, Black 7.6%, Asian 1.1%, Indigenous 0.4% (2010 est.)

Languages: Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note - less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages
Major language samples:

Religions: Roman Catholic 64.6%, other Catholic 0.4%, Protestant 22.2% (includes Adventist 6.5%, Assembly of God 2.0%, Christian Congregation of Brazil 1.2%, Universal Kingdom of God 1.0%, other Protestant 11.5%), other Christian 0.7%, Spiritist 2.2%, other 1.4%, none 8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Demographic profile: Brazil's rapid fertility decline since the 1960s is the main factor behind the country's slowing population growth rate, aging population, and fast-paced demographic transition. Brasilia has not taken full advantage of its large working-age population to develop its human capital and strengthen its social and economic institutions but is funding a study abroad program to bring advanced skills back to the country. The current favorable age structure will begin to shift around 2025, with the labor force shrinking and the elderly starting to compose an increasing share of the total population. Well-funded public pensions have nearly wiped out poverty among the elderly, and Bolsa Familia and other social programs have lifted tens of millions out of poverty. More than half of Brazil's population is considered middle class, but poverty and income inequality levels remain high; the Northeast, North, and Center-West, women, and black, mixed race, and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. Disparities in opportunities foster social exclusion and contribute to Brazil's high crime rate, particularly violent crime in cities and favelas (slums).

Age structure
0-14 years: 21.11% (male 22,790,634/female 21,907,018)
15-24 years: 16.06% (male 17,254,363/female 16,750,581)
25-54 years: 43.83% (male 46,070,240/female 46,729,640)
55-64 years: 9.78% (male 9,802,995/female 10,911,140)
65 years and over: 9.21% (male 8,323,344/female 11,176,018) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 43.5
Youth dependency ratio: 29.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 13.8
Potential support ratio: 7.3 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 33.2 years
Male: 32.3 years
Female: 34.1 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.65% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 13.44 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 6.8 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.13 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: the vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of Sao Paolo, Brasilia, and Rio de Janeiro

Urbanization
Urban population: 87.3% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 22.237 million Sao Paulo, 13.544 million Rio de Janeiro, 6.140 million Belo Horizonte, 4.728 million BRASILIA (capital), 4.175 million Recife, 4.161 million Porto Alegre (2021)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; illegal wildlife trade; illegal poaching; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
International agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Dumping-London Protocol

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 11.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 462.3 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 401.83 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio: 60 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 18.37 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 21.72 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 14.85 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 74.98 years
Male: 71.49 years
Female: 78.65 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.73 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 80.2% (2013)
Note: percent of women aged 18-49

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 91.6% of population
Improved total: 98.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 8.4% of population
Unimproved total: 1.6% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 9.5% (2018)

Physicians density: 2.16 physicians/1000 population (2018)

Hospital bed density: 2.1 beds/1000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 92.8% of population
Improved rural: 60.1% of population
Improved total: 88.3% of population
Unimproved urban: 7.2% of population
Unimproved rural: 39.9% of population
Unimproved total: 11.7% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.6% (2020 est.)
People living with hivaids: 930,000 (2020 est.)
Deaths: 13,000 (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
Vector borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Watercontactdiseases: schistosomiasis
Note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Brazil; as of 6 October 2021, Brazil has reported a total of 21,478,546 cases of COVID-19 or 10,104.73 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 281.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 44.27% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 6.1% of GDP (2018)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 93.2%
Male: 93%
Female: 93.4% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 16 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 31.3%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 27.5%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 36.3% (2020 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
Conventional short form: Brazil
Local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
Local short form: Brasil
Etymology: the country name derives from the brazilwood tree that used to grow plentifully along the coast of Brazil and that was used to produce a deep red dye

Government type: federal presidential republic

Capital
Name: Brasilia
Geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W
Time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Timezone note: Brazil has four time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands
Etymology: name bestowed on the new capital of Brazil upon its inauguration in 1960; previous Brazilian capitals had been Salvador from 1549 to 1763 and Rio de Janeiro from 1763 to 1960

Administrative divisions: 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins

Dependent areas

Independence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest ratified 5 October 1988
Amendments: proposed by at least one third of either house of the National Congress, by the president of the republic, or by simple majority vote by more than half of the state legislative assemblies; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote by both houses in each of two readings; constitutional provisions affecting the federal form of government, separation of powers, suffrage, or individual rights and guarantees cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020 (2021)

Legal system: civil law; note - a new civil law code was enacted in 2002 replacing the 1916 code

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descentonly: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years

Suffrage: voluntary between 16 to 18 years of age, over 70, and if illiterate; compulsory between 18 to 70 years of age; note - military conscripts by law cannot vote

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Jair BOLSONARO (since 1 January 2019); Vice President Antonio Hamilton Martins MOURAO (since 1 January 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Jair BOLSONARO (since 1 January 2019); Vice President Antonio Hamilton Martins MOURAO (since 1 January 2019)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections and appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 October 2018 with runoff on 28 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022)
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of:
Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members each from 26 states and 3 from the federal district directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 8-year terms, with one-third and two-thirds of the membership elected alternately every 4 years)
Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)
Elections: Federal Senate - last held on 7 October 2018 for two-thirds of the Senate (next to be held on 2 October 2022 for one-third of the Senate)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held on 2 October 2022)
Election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB 7, PP 5, REDE 5, DEM 4, PSDB 4, PSDC 4, PSL 4, PT 4, PDT 2, PHS 2, PPS 2, PSB 2, PTB 2, Podemos 1, PR 1, PRB 1, PROS 1, PRP 1, PSC 1, SD 1; composition - men 70, women 11, percent of women 13.6%    
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PT 56, PSL 52, PP 37, PMDB 34, PSDC 34, PR 33, PSB 32, PRB 30, DEM 29, PSDB 29, PDT 28, SD 13, Podemos 11, PSOL 10, PTB 10, PCdoB 9, NOVO 8, PPS 8, PROS 8, PSC 8, Avante 7, PHS 6, Patriota 5, PRP 4, PV 4, PMN 3, PTC 2, DC 1, PPL 1, REDE 1; composition - men 462, women 51, percent of women 9.9%; total National Congress percent of women 10.4%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Federal Court or Supremo Tribunal Federal (consists of 11 justices)
Judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president and approved by the Federal Senate; justices appointed to serve until mandatory retirement at age 75
Subordinate courts: Tribunal of the Union, Federal Appeals Court, Superior Court of Justice, Superior Electoral Court, regional federal courts; state court system

Political parties and leaders: Avante [Luis TIBE] (formerly Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB) 
Brazilian Communist Party or PCB [Ivan Martins PINHEIRO]
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Michel TEMER]
Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Cristiane BRASIL]
Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz]
Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Marcos Antonio PEREIRA]
Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Tasso JEREISSATI]
Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Carlos Roberto SIQUEIRA de Barros]
Christian Democracy or DC [Jose Maria EYMAEL] (formerly Christian Social Democratic Party or PSDC)
Christian Labor Party or PTC [Daniel TOURINHO]
Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO]
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI]
The Democrats or DEM [Jose AGRIPINO] (formerly Liberal Front Party or PFL)
Free Homeland Party or PPL [Sergio RUBENS]
Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz PENNA]
Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS [Eduardo MACHADO]
National Mobilization Party or PMN [Telma RIBEIRO dos Santos]
New Party or NOVO [Moises JARDIM]
Party of the Republic or PR [Alfredo NASCIMENTO]
Patriota [Adilson BARROSO Oliveira] (formerly National Ecologic Party or PEN)
Podemos [Renata ABREU] (formerly National Labor Party or PTN) 
Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Roberto Joao Pereira FREIRE]
Progressive Party or PP [Ciro NOGUEIRA]
Progressive Republican Party or PRP [Ovasco Roma Altimari RESENDE]
Republican Social Order Party or PROS [Euripedes JUNIOR]
Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS]
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Guilherme CAMPOS]
Social Liberal Party or PSL [Luciano Caldas BIVAR]
Socialism and Freedom Party or PSOL [Luiz ARAUJO]
Solidarity or SD [Paulo PEREIRA DA SILVA]
Sustainability Network or REDE [Marina SILVA]
United Socialist Workers' Party or PSTU [Jose Maria DE ALMEIDA]
Workers' Cause Party or PCO [Rui Costa PIMENTA]
Workers' Party or PT [Gleisi HOFFMAN]

International organization participation: AfDB (nonregional member), BIS, BRICS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, CPLP, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OECD (enhanced engagement), OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Nestor Jose FORSTER, Jr. (since 23 December 2020)
In the us chancery: 3,006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 238-2,700
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 238-2,827
In the us email address and website: [link]
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Douglas A. KONEFF (since July 2021)
From the us embassy: SES - Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, 70,403-900 - Brasilia, DF
From the us mailing address: 7,500 Brasilia Place, Washington DC  20,521-7,500
From the us telephone: [55] (61) 3,312-7,000
From the us FAX: [55] (61) 3,225-9,136
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth (the diamond shape roughly mirrors that of the country); the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)
Note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

National symbols: Southern Cross constellation; national colors: green, yellow, blue

National anthem
Name: 'Hino Nacional Brasileiro' (Brazilian National Anthem)
Lyrics and music: Joaquim Osorio Duque ESTRADA/Francisco Manoel DA SILVA
Note: music adopted 1890, lyrics adopted 1922; the anthem's music, composed in 1822, was used unofficially for many years before it was adopted

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.13% (2019 est.)

1.2% (2018 est.)

1.62% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 63.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 15.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 12.6% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -11.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 6.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 20.7% (2017 est.)
Services: 72.7% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sugar cane, soybeans, maize, milk, cassava, oranges, poultry, rice, beef, cotton

Industries: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Industrial production growth rate: 0% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 86.621 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 9.4%
By occupation industry: 32.1%
By occupation services: 58.5% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate: 11.93% (2019 est.)

12.26% (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 31.3%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 27.5%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 36.3% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 4.2% (2016 est.)
Note: approximately 4% of the population are below the 'extreme' poverty line

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 53.9 (2018 est.)

54 (2004)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 0.8%
Highest 10: 43.4% (2016 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $733.7 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $756.3 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 35.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 84% of GDP (2017 est.)

78.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.62% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.7% (2019 est.)

3.6% (2018 est.)

3.4% (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$50.927 billion (2019 est.)

-$41.54 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $239.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$260.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$274.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: China 28%, United States 13% (2019)
Commodities: soybeans, crude petroleum, iron, corn, wood pulp products (2019)

Imports: $227.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$269.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$267.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: China 21%, United States 18%, Germany 6%, Argentina 6% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, vehicle parts, crude petroleum, integrated circuits, pesticides (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $374 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$367.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $681.336 billion (2019 est.)

$660.693 billion (2018 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 567.9 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 509.1 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 219 million kWh (2015 est.)
Imports: 41.31 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 150.8 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 17% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 64% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 18% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 2.587 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 736,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 297,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 12.63 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 2.811 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption: 2.956 million bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 279,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 490,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 23.96 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 34.35 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: 134.5 million m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 10.51 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 377.4 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 30,653,813 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14.42 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 205,834,781 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 96.84 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: state-run Radiobras operates a radio and a TV network; more than 1,000 radio stations and more than 100 TV channels operating - mostly privately owned; private media ownership highly concentrated

Internet
Country code: .br
Users total: 160 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 73.91% (2019 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 36,344,670 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17.1 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures: 1.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.5% of GDP (2019)

1.5% of GDP (2018)

1.4% of GDP (2017)

1.3% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: Brazilian Armed Forces: Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro, EB), Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil, MB, includes Naval Aviation (Aviacao Naval Brasileira) and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB) (2021)

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 10-12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are 'long-service' volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s, when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2021)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 9 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 443
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 102,109,977 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,845,650,000 mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: PP

Airports
Total: 4,093 (2013)
With paved runways total: 698
With paved runways over 3047 m: 7
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 27
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 179
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 436 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 49 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 3,395
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 92
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1,619
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,684 (2013)

Heliports: 13 (2013)

Pipelines: 5,959 km refined petroleum product (1,165 km distribution, 4,794 km transport), 11,696 km natural gas (2,274 km distribution, 9,422 km transport), 1985 km crude oil (distribution), 77 km ethanol/petrochemical (37 km distribution, 40 km transport) (2016)

Railways
Total: 29,850 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 194 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
Narrowgauge: 23,341.6 km 1.000-m gauge (24 km electrified) (2014)
Broadgauge: 5,822.3 km 1.600-m gauge (498.3 km electrified) (2014)
Dualgauge: 492 km 1.600-1.000-m gauge (2014)

Roadways
Total: 2 million km (2018)
Paved: 246,000 km (2018)
Unpaved: 1.754 million km (2018)

Waterways: 50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2012)

Merchant marine
Total: 864
By type: bulk carrier 11, container ship 19, general cargo 42, oil tanker 31, other 761 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Belem, Itajai, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Sao Sebastiao, Tubarao
Oil terminals: DTSE/Gegua oil terminal, Ilha Grande (Gebig), Guaiba Island terminal, Guamare oil terminal
Container ports teus: Itajai (1,223,262), Paranagua (865,110), Santos (4,165,248) (2019)
Lng terminals import: Pecem, Rio de Janiero
River ports: Manaus (Amazon)
Drybulkcargoport(s): Sepetiba ore terminal, Tubarao


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Disputes international: uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Brazil's border region with Venezuela

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 261,441 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2020)
Stateless persons: 14 (2020)

Illicit drugs: a significant transit and destination country for cocaine;  most of the cocaine that entering Brazil is destined for domestic use or transits to Europe via West Africa;  substantial and growing domestic drug consumption problem;  second-largest consumer of cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine-derivative products