Map of Slovenia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia was one of the republics in the restored Yugoslavia, which, though communist, soon distanced itself from the Soviet Union and spearheaded the Non-Aligned Movement. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a growing economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's postcommunist transition. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007.


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Location: south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia

Geographic coordinates: 46 07 N, 14 49 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 20,273 km²
Land: 20,151 km²
Water: 122 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries
Total: 1,211 km
Border countries: (4) Austria 299 km; , Croatia 600 km; , Hungary 94 km; , Italy 218 km

Coastline: 46.6 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain: a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Elevation
Highest point: Triglav 2,864 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 492 m

Natural resources: lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests

Land use
Agricultural land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 62.3% (2018 est.)
Other: 14.9% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 60 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 758 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding; earthquakes

Geography
Note: despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere: 2,102,106 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: -0.03% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 12% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Slovene(s)
Adjective: Slovenian

Ethnic groups: Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.)

Languages: Slovene (official) 87.7%, Croatian 2.8%, Serbo-Croatian 1.8%, Bosnian 1.6%, Serbian 1.6%, Hungarian 0.4% (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside), Italian 0.2% (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), other or unspecified 3.9% (2002 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 1%, unaffiliated 3.5%, no response or unspecified 22.8%, none 10.1% (2002 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.84% (male 160,134/female 151,960)
15-24 years: 9.01% (male 98,205/female 91,318)
25-54 years: 40.73% (male 449,930/female 406,395)
55-64 years: 14.19% (male 148,785/female 149,635)
65 years and over: 21.23% (male 192,420/female 253,896) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 55.9
Youth dependency ratio: 23.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 32.3
Potential support ratio: 3.1 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 44.9 years
Male: 43.4 years
Female: 46.6 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.03% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 8.5 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 10.34 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.54 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Urbanization
Urban population: 55.4% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 15.81 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 12.63 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.1 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.9 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 1.53 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 1.64 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 1.42 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 81.61 years
Male: 78.73 years
Female: 84.6 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.59 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 8.3% (2018)

Physicians density: 3.09 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 4.4 beds/1000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: <.1% (2020 est.)
People living with hivaids: <1,000 (2020 est.)
Deaths: <100 (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 20.2% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 4.9% of GDP (2018)

Literacy
Definition: NA
Total population: 99.7%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.7% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 18 years
Male: 17 years
Female: 18 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 14.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 12.7%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 16.2% (2020 est.)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
Conventional short form: Slovenia
Local long form: Republika Slovenija
Local short form: Slovenija
Former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Etymology: the country's name means 'Land of the Slavs' in Slovene

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Ljubljana
Geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: likely related to the Slavic root 'ljub', meaning 'to like' or 'to love'; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word 'ljubljena' meaning 'beloved'

Administrative divisions: 201 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina)

Dependent areas

Independence: 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday: Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Constitution
History: previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991
Amendments: proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes, for select cases
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Borut PAHOR (since 22 December 2012)
Head of government: Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 13 March 2020)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 22 October with a runoff on 12 November 2017 (next election to be held by November 2022); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers
National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: National Council - last held on 22 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022)
National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2018 (next to be held on 24 April 2022)
Election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 36, women 4, percent of women 10%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SDS 24.9%, LMS 12.7%, SD 9.9%, SMC 9.8%, Levica 9.3%, NSi 7.1%, Stranka AB 5.1%, DeSUS 4.9%, SNS 4.2%, other 12.1%; seats by party - SDS 25, LMS 13, SD 10, SMC 10, Levica 9, NSi 7, Stranka AB 5, DeSUS 5, SNS 4, Italian and Hungarian minorities 2; composition - men 68, women 22, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court

Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Aleksandra PIVEC]
List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC]
Modern Center Party or SMC [Miro CERAR]
New Slovenia or NSi [Matej TONIN]
Party of Alenka Bratusek or Stranka AB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB)
Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA]
Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti]
Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN]
The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL)

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Tone KAJZER (since 23 December 2020)
In the us chancery: 2,410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 386-6,601
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 386-6,633
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Susan K. Falatko  (since 20 January 2021)
From the us embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana
From the us mailing address: 7,140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20,521-7,140
From the us telephone: [386] (1) 200-5,500
From the us FAX: [386] (1) 200-5,555
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands

National symbols: Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red

National anthem
Name: 'Zdravljica' (A Toast)
Lyrics and music: France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL
Note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 2.4% (2019 est.)

4.24% (2018 est.)

5.14% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 52.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 18.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 18.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 82.3% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -72.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 32.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 65.9% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, maize, wheat, grapes, barley, potatoes, poultry, apples, beef, pork

Industries: ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Industrial production growth rate: 8.6% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 885,000 (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 5.5%
By occupation industry: 31.2%
By occupation services: 63.3% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate: 7.64% (2019 est.)

8.25% (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 14.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 12.7%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 16.2% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 12% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 24.2 (2017 est.)

24.5 (2015)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.8%
Highest 10: 20.1% (2016)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $21.07 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $21.06 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $0% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 43.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 1.6% (2019 est.)

1.7% (2018 est.)

1.4% (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $3.05 billion (2019 est.)

$3.17 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $41.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$45.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$45.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Germany 18%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)
Commodities: packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)

Imports: $36.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$40.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$41.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Austria 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 7% (2019)
Commodities: packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, electricity (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $889.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$853 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $48.656 billion (2019 est.)

$50.004 billion (2018 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 15.46 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 13.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: $7.972 billion kWh (2017 est.)
Imports: 8.359 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 3.536 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 37% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 34% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 5 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption: 52,140 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 29,350 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 93,060 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 8 million m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 906.1 million m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: 2.832 million m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 906.1 million m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: NA m³ (2017 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 704,909 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33.91 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 2,550,895 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122.7 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations

Internet
Country code: .si
Users total: 1.75 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 86.6% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 651,604 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31.34 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures: 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.06% of GDP (2019)

1.01% of GDP (2018)

0.98% of GDP (2017)

1% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements (2021)

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2021)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,094,762 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 540,000 mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: S5

Airports
Total: 16 (2020)
With paved runways total: 9
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3
With paved runways under 914 m: 3 (2020)
With unpaved runways total: 7
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 4
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 3 (2020)

Heliports

Pipelines: 1155 km gas, 5 km oil (2017)

Railways
Total: 1,229 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 1,229 km 1.435-m gauge (503 km electrified) (2014)

Roadways
Total: 38,985 km (2012)
Paved: 38,985 km (includes 769 km of expressways) (2012)

Waterways: (some transport on the Drava River) (2012)

Merchant marine
Total: 9
By type: other 9 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Koper


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Disputes international: since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017 the arbitration panel issued a ruling on the border that Croatia has not implemented; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Stateless persons: 10 (2020)

Illicit drugs: minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals